Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 2004

4,06

MB

142

stron

3497

ID

National Environmental Research Institute

2006

rok

Contents

Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment 2004 5

Summary 7

1 Introduction 16

1.1 The national monitoring programme 16

1.2 Weather and runoff in 2004 18

2 Nitrogen 20

2.1 Nitrogen pollution 20

2.2 Nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere in 2004 22

2.3 Atmospheric deposition: Source apportionment and trend 24

2.4 Nitrogen loading of terrestrial natural habitats from the air 26

2.5 Wastewater discharges of nitrogen 29

2.6 Nitrogen in agriculture 31

2.7 Nitrogen in water from cultivated fields 33

2.8 Nitrogen loss from cultivated fields 34

3 Phosphorus 37

3.1 Phosphorus pollution 37

3.2 Wastewater discharges of phosphorus 39

3.3 Phosphorus in agriculture 41

3.4 Phosphorus concentrations and loss 42

4 Organic matter pollution 45

5 Heavy metals and hazardous substances 48

5.1 Heavy metals and hazardous substances 48

5.2 Deposition of heavy metals from the air 49

5.3 Deposition of hazardous substances from the air 51

5.4 Wastewater discharges 53

5.5 Agriculture 57

6 Groundwater 60

6.1 Groundwater 60

6.2 Nitrate content of the groundwater – status 63

6.3 Nitrate content of the groundwater – trend 65

6.4 Phosphorus in groundwater 67

6.5 Inorganic trace elements 69

6.6 Pesticides 71

7 Watercourses 74

7.1 Watercourses 74

7.2 Watercourse biological quality – macroinvertebrates 76

7.3 Nitrogen in watercourses 78

7.4 Phosphorus in watercourses 80

7.5 Heavy metals in watercourses 82

7.6 Pesticides in watercourses 83

8 Lakes 85

8.1 Lakes 85

8.2 Phosphorus in lakes – state and trend 87

8.3 Nitrogen in lakes 89

8.4 Phytoplankton, Secchi depth and chlorophyll 91

9 Marine waters 94

9.1 Marine waters 94

9.2 Nitrogen and phosphorus in marine waters 96

9.3 Phytoplankton 97

9.4 Oxygen conditions in the marine waters 99

9.5 Submerged macrophytes 101

9.6 Benthic invertebrates 103

9.7 Heavy metals in marine waters 105

9.8 Hazardous substances in marine waters 107

9.9 Biological effects in eelpout and mussels 108

10 Terrestrial natural habitats 111

10.1 Background and purpose of monitoring terrestrial natural habitats 111

10.2 Water nitrate concentration 114

10.3 Nitrogen in lichen and moss 115

10.4 Soil C:N ratio 117

10.5 Grass coverage 118

10.6 Invasion by woody plants 120

11 Monitoring of species 123

11.1 Background and purpose of monitoring species 123

11.2 Monitoring in 2004 124

11.3 Otter 126

11.4 Floating water-plantain 128

11.5 Marsh fritillary 130

11.6 Greylag goose 132

12 References 134