ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS REPORT - HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE

0,56

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ENVIRONMENT

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Earthjustice

2005

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION. 1

DEVELOPMENTS.. 6

I. INTERNATIONAL.6

A. U.N. Economic and Social Council . 8

B. U.N. Economic and Social Council Bodies . 9

1) U.N. Commission on Human Rights: 60th Session (2004) 9

2) U.N. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights .. 11

3) U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development 13

4) Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food.. 14

C. Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights .. 14

D. U.N. General Assembly Bodies .. 14

1) United Nations Global Environment Facility (GEF) .. 14

2) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).. 15

3) U.N. Millenium Project.. 15

E. Treaties and Treaty Bodies 16

1) Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to

Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) . 16

2) Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their

Disposal . 16

3) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants . 17

4) Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade .. 18

5) Convention on Biological Diversity (Biodiversity Convention) .. 18

6) Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) Resolution on Biodiversity 19

7) Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change 20

F. World Bank20

1) World Bank Inspection Panel . 22

G. World Health Organization (WHO).. 25

H. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . 26

II. REGIONAL.. 27

A. European Union (EU) .. 27

1) Council of Ministers 27

2) European Commission (EC) 28

3) European Court of Human Rights (Council of Europe) 32

B. Organization of American States (OAS) 32

1) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) .. 33

2) Inter-American Court of Human Rights 34

C. North American Commission on Environmental Cooperation 35

1) Alca-Iztapalapa II..35

2) Coal-Fired Power Plants 36

3) Montreal Technoparc..36

4) Quebec Automobiles36

III. DOMESTIC.. 37

A. Constitutions . 37

1) Uruguay..38

2) France.. 39

B. Courts 39

1) India . 39

2) Bangladesh40

3) Costa Rica .41

4) Malaysia.41

5) Canada.42

6) United States 43

C. Governments .44

1) Indonesia44

2) Iraq 44

3) Brazil 45

4) Liberia. 45

5) South Africa .45

CASE STUDIES 46

IV. Africa.. 46

A. Cameroon 46

1) Illegal Logging46

B. Kenya 48

1) Mau Forest 48

C. Liberia.. 49

1) Industrial Logging.49

D. Nigeria.. 49

1) Genetically Modified Food..49

2) Oil in the Niger Delta.. 50

E. South Africa .. 51

1) Toxic Pollution51

F. Tanzania.. 53

1) Water Access ..53

V. Asia.. 54

A. Burma 54

1) Natural Gas Pipeline 54

B. China. 55

1) Three Gorges Dam 55

C. India .. 56

1) Mangrove Destruction 56

D. Indonesia. 57

1) Freeport Mines57

2) Mine Tailing Pollution 57

E. Malaysia.. 59

1) Hydroelectric Dam59

F. Thailand .. 59

1) Pak Mun Dam . 59

VI. Europe. 61

A. Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. 61

1) BTC Pipeline61

B. Italy 63

1) Illegal Waste Dumping .. 63

C. Russia 64

1) Nuclear and Chemical Contamination 64

2) Oil and Gas Projects on Sakhalin Island 65

D. Spain . 66

1) Oil Leak Off Spanish Coast . 66

E. Turkey.. 67

1) Toxic Ship Dismantling .67

VII. Island Nations 68

A. Australia.. 68

1) Uranium Mining.68

B. Papua New Guinea. 69

1) Mining Activities on Misima .. 69

VIII. North America . 70

A. Jamaica. 70

1) Bauxite Mining ..70

B. Mexico . 71

1) Abandoned Lead Smelter.. 71

2) La Parota Dam 72

3) Protecting the Rights of Environmental Defenders to Protest Illegal Logging near Copper Canyon

73

C. United States . 73

1) Expansion of Nevada Mine.. 73

2) Red Dog Mine, Alaska 74

3) Yucca Mountain Project, Nevada . 76

4) Oil Exploration in Alaska . 76

IX. Central and South America .. 77

A. Argentina. 77

1) Deforestation on Indigenous Lands . 77

B. Colombia. 78

1) Aerial Spraying Program .. 78

C. Ecuador 79

1) Groundwater Pollution in Amazon .. 79

D. Peru 81

1) Camisea..81

2) Lead Smelter in La Oroya. 82

3) Tambogrande ..83

E. Trinidad 84

1) Proposed Aluminum Smelter.. 84

APPENDIX.. 86