State-of-the-Art Review on Environment, Security and

0,77

MB

Development Co-operation

114

stron

3524

ID

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

2002

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Table of Contents

FOREWORD 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 8

CHAPTER II: EARLY LITERATURE – LINKING ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY 14

1. The Evolution of Environment and Security Research 14

2. The Policy Dimensions of Environment and Security Research 16

CHAPTER III: ENVIRONMENT AND CONFLICT: GENERAL CLAIMS 18

1. Introduction 18

2. Environmental Change and Conflict 19

Box 1. Security and conflict 19

2.1. The Toronto Project on Environment and Acute Conflict 23

Figure 1. Some sources and consequences of environmental scarcity 25

2.2. The Environment and Conflicts Project (ENCOP) 26

3. What Types of Threats Affect Security? 28

Table 1. Factors contributing to violent conflict 29

4. What Types of Environmental Change Affect Human Security? 29

4.1. Natural disasters 30

4.2. Cumulative changes or "slow-onset changes" 30

Figure 2. Human-induced soil degradation, 1980 -1990 31

Figure 3. Causes of human-induced soil degradation 31

Figure 4. Countries experiencing water scarcity, 1990 32

4.3. Accidental disruptions or industrial accidents 32

4.4. Development projects 32

4.5. Conflict and warfare 33

Table 2. Characteristics and impacts of different environmental threats 34

Box 2. Water and security in the Middle East 35

CHAPTER IV: THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONS 36

1. Introduction 36

2. The Role of Military and Intelligence Institutions 36

2.1. Environmental threats to national interests 36

2.2. Using security assets to advance environmental goals 37

3. Strengthening State Capacity 39

4. Conclusion 40

CHAPTER V: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY 42

1. Introduction 42

2. Criticisms of Redefining Security in Environmental Terms 42

3. Criticisms of the Environment and Conflict Literature 45

CHAPTER VI: ENVIRONMENT, HUMAN SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 47

1. Introduction 47

2. Environmental Change and Human Security 48

Table 3. Elements of Human Security 49

Figure 5. Human Security Network 50

3. Human Security and Sustainable Development 51

Box 3. Global warming and human security 54

Box 4. Islands in the midst: vulnerability and security in the South Pacific 55

CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS 56

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Terms of Reference 58

Appendix II: Non-Governmental Activities in Environment and Security 60

Appendix III: An Index of Human Insecurity 69

Appendix IV: Bibliography 75