The changing faces of Europe's coastal areas

5,21

MB

112

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3527

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European Environment Agency

2006

rok

Acknowledgements . 6

Executive summary . 7

1 Introduction .. 10

1.1 Purpose and key definitions .10

1.2 Scope 14

1.3 Structure .14

2 Trends in state of coasts: facts and figures 15

2.1 Main changes in land cover and population 15

2.2 Coastal zones of regional seas' catchments 17

2.3 Artificial surfaces ..24

2.4 Agricultural and forest areas 30

2.5 Natural areas ..31

2.6 Coastal waters.35

2.7 Coastal dynamics and risk ..40

2.8 Maritime economy and coastal uses .44

3 Living by the sea . 48

3.1 Sustainability challenges ..48

3.2 Resulting environmental quality 67

4 Current trends in policy responses . 75

4.1 Development of policy .75

4.2 The main elements of current European policy framework for coasts ..76

4.3 Climate change, coastal risks and ICZM ..82

5 Building the conceptual framework 86

5.1 Towards an integrated assessment framework .86

5.2 Spatial analysis of anthropogenic pressures ..86

5.3 Lessons learnt: data gaps and needs 88

5.4 Communicating main environmental problems ..89

List of acronyms . 92

References 94

Further reading 96

Further electronic sources .97

Annex: Data and methodological approaches ..99

A Data and methodology of the report .99

B Methodological issues of coastal integrated assessments .105