| | SOLAR DETOXIFICATION |
| | 2,87 | | MB |
| | 246 | | stron |
| | 3540 | | ID | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | PART A. SOLAR DETOXIFICATION THEORY |
| | 1. Introduction |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 1.1 Solar Chemistry |
| | 1.2 Water contaminants |
| | 1.3 Photodegradation principles |
| | 1.3.1 Definitions |
| | 1.3.2 Heterogeneous photocatalysis |
| | 1.3.3 Homogeneous photodegradation |
| | 1.4 Application to water treatment |
| | 1.5 Gas-phase detoxification |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |
| | Answers |
| | 2. Solar irradiation |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 2.1 The power of light |
| | 2.1.1 Ultraviolet light |
| | 2.1.2 Visible light |
| | 2.1.3 Infrared light |
| | 2.2 The solar spectrum |
| | 2.3 Solar ultraviolet irradiation |
| | 2.4 Atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation |
| | 2.4.1 Annual available ultraviolet radiation |
| | 2.5 Solar radiation measurement |
| | 2.5.1 Detectors |
| | 2.5.2 Filters |
| | 2.5.3 Input Optics |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |
| | Answers |
| | 3. Experimental systems |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 3.1 Laboratory systems |
| | 3.2 Solar detoxification pilot plants |
| | 3.3 Operation of pilot plant |
| | 3.3.1 Once-through operation |
| | 3.3.2 Batch operation |
| | 3.3.3 Modelling once-through and batch operation |
| | 3.4 Evaluation of solar UV radiation inside photoreactors |
| | 3.4.1 Radiometers calibration |
| | 3.4.2 Correlation between radiometric and spectroradiometric data |
| | 3.4.3 Collector efficiency |
| | 3.4.4 Actinometric experiments |
| | 3.5 Simplified method for the evaluation of solar UV radiation inside photoreactors |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |
| | Answers |
| | 4. Fundamental parameters in photocatalysis |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 4.1 Direct photolysis |
| | 4.2 Oxygen influence |
| | 4.3 pH influence |
| | 4.4 Catalyst concentration influence |
| | 4.5 Initial contaminant concentration influence |
| | 4.6 Radiant flux influence |
| | 4.7 Temperature influence |
| | 4.8 Quantum yield |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |
| | Answers |
| | 5. Water decontamination by Solar Detoxification |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 5.1 Detoxification of pollutants |
| | 5.1.1 Total mineralization |
| | 5.1.2 Degradation pathways |
| | 5.1.3 Toxicity reduction |
| | 5.1.4 Detoxification of inorganic pollutants |
| | 5.2 Quantum yield improvement by additional oxidants |
| | 5.2.1 Hydrogen peroxide |
| | 5.2.2 Persulphate |
| | 5.2.3 Other oxidants |
| | 5.3 Catalyst modification |
| | 5.3.1 Metal semiconductor modification |
| | 5.3.2 Composite semiconductors |
| | 5.3.3 Surface sensitisation |
| | 5.4 Recommended analytical methods |
| | 5.4.1 Original contaminants |
| | 5.4.2 Mineralization measurements (TOC) |
| | 5.4.3 Intermediate analysis (GC-MS/HPLC-MS) |
| | 5.4.4 Extraction methods |
| | 5.4.5 Toxicity analysis |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |
| | Answers |
| | PART B. SOLAR DETOXIFICATION ENGINEERING |
| | 6. Solar Detoxification Technology |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 6.1 Solar collector technology generalities |
| | 6.2 Collectors for solar water detoxification. |
| | Peculiarities |
| | 6.2.1 Peculiarities of solar UV light utilization |
| | 6.2.2 Parabolic trough collectors |
| | 6.2.3 Non-concentrating collectors |
| | 6.2.4 Compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) |
| | 6.2.5 Holographic collectors |
| | 6.3 Concentrated versus non-concentrated sunlight |
| | 6.4 Technology issues |
| | 6.4.1 Reflective surfaces |
| | 6.4.2 Photocatalytic reactor |
| | 6.5 Catalyst issues |
| | 6.5.1 Slurry versus supported catalyst |
| | 6.5.2 Catalyst recuperation and re-use |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |
| | Answers |
| | 7. Solar Detoxification Applications |
| | Aims |
| | Objectives |
| | Notation and units |
| | 7.1 Introduction |
| | 7.2 Industrial waste water treatment |
| | 7.2.1 Phenols |
| | 7.2.2 Agrochemical compounds |
| | 7.2.3 Halogenated hydrocarbons |
| | 7.2.4 Antibiotics, antineoplastics and other pharmaceutical biocide compounds |
| | 7.2.5 Wood preserving waste |
| | 7.2.6 Removal of hazardous metals ions from water |
| | 7.2.7 Other applications |
| | 7.3 Maritime tank terminals |
| | 7.4 Groundwater decontamination |
| | 7.5 Contaminated landfill cleaning |
| | 7.6 Water disinfection |
| | 7.7 Gas-phase treatments |
| | Summary of the chapter |
| | Bibliography and references |
| | Self-assessment questions |