| | Metal detector handbook for humanitarian demining |
| | 3,09 | | MB |
| | 180 | | stron |
| | 3588 | | ID | UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Chapter 1: Background to humanitarian demining |
| | 1.1. The development of mines 18 |
| | 1.2. Detecting mines 20 |
| | 1.2.1. Manual detection using metal detectors |
| | 1.2.2. Manual detection using area excavation |
| | 1.2.3. Explosive detecting dogs and manual methods |
| | 1.2.4. Mechanical and manual methods |
| | 1.3. Treaties controlling mine use 23 |
| | Chapter 2: The role of metal detectors in humanitarian demining |
| | 2.1. Types of mined areas 28 |
| | 2.2. Using metal detectors during surveys |
| | 2.3. Using metal detectors in area demining |
| | 2.3.1. Daily routines 30 |
| | 2.3.2. Test-pieces 32 |
| | 2.3.3. Batteries 34 |
| | 2.3.4. Locating metal/mines 35 |
| | 2.4. Using metal detectors appropriate for the threat |
| | 2.4.1. Tripwires 38 |
| | 2.4.2. Minimum metal mines 40 |
| | 2.4.3. Fragmentation mines 40 |
| | 2.4.4. Anti-vehicle mines 41 |
| | 2.4.5. Detecting deep-level explosive remnants of war |
| | 2.5. Targets for routine metal detector checks |
| | 2.6. Real mined areas 45 |
| | 2.6.1. Grassland 46 |
| | 2.6.2. Woodland 47 |
| | 2.6.3. Open hillside 48 |
| | 2.6.4. Unsurfaced roads and tracks 49 |
| | 2.6.5. Surfaced roads, railway tracks 50 |
| | 2.6.6. Urban (town or city) 51 |
| | 2.6.7. Village 52 |
| | 2.6.8. Mountain (high altitude, steep gradient) |
| | 2.6.9. Desert 54 |
| | 2.6.10. Paddy field 55 |
| | 2.6.11. Semi-arid savannah 56 |
| | 2.6.12. Bush 57 |
| | Chapter 3: Detector standards and detector test standards |
| | 3.1. International standards for metal detectors |
| | 3.2. International standards for metal detectors in humanitarian demining |
| | 3.3. European Committee for Standardisation workshop agreement (CWA 14747:2003) |
| | 3.3.1. What is covered by the detector test agreement? |
| | 3.4. Previous metal detector tests in humanitarian demining |
| | 3.4.1. Why so many field trials? 64 |
| | 3.5. The output of humanitarian demining detector trials |
| | 3.6. Output of the international pilot project for technical cooperation trials |
| | 3.6.1. Tests in air 66 |
| | 3.6.2. Tests in the ground 67 |
| | 3.6.3. Tests in the field 67 |
| | 3.6.4. Miscellaneous tests 68 |
| | 3.7. Output of other tests/trials 68 |
| | 3.8. Do current detectors match the needs in humanitarian demining? |
| | 3.9. Lessons for future tests/trials 73 |
| | 3.9.1. Data collection/analysis during field tests/trials |
| | Chapter 4: Metal detector technology 77 |
| | 4.1. How metal detectors work 77 |
| | 4.2. Electromagnetic properties of materials |
| | 4.3. Metal detector working principles |
| | 4.3.1. Pulsed induction versus continuous wave |
| | 4.3.2. Frequency-domain versus time-domain |
| | 4.3.3. Single coil versus separate excite/receive coils |
| | 4.3.4. Static and dynamic modes 83 |
| | 4.3.5. Single receive coil versus double-D (differential) receive coils |
| | 4.3.6. Bipolar pulse versus unipolar pulse |
| | 4.3.7. How are metal detectors designed for demining different from other types |
| | 4.3.8. What is important from the user’s point of view? |
| | 4.4. Suppression of electromagnetic interference |
| | 4.5. Ground compensation 88 |
| | 4.6. How the electromagnetic properties of materials are quantified |
| | 4.6.1. Conductivity and resistivity 91 |
| | 4.6.2. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability |
| | 4.7. Factors that affect detection 92 |
| | 4.7.1. The metal object or ‘target’ 93 |
| | 4.7.2. Distance between the detector’s search-head and the metal object |
| | 4.7.3. Ground properties 95 |
| | 4.8. Metal detectors, radar and radio waves |
| | Chapter 5: Training 97 |
| | 5.1. Deminers and their basic training requirements |
| | 5.2. Training in the use of metal detectors |
| | 5.3. Recommendations for trainers 100 |
| | 5.3.1. Self preparation 100 |
| | 5.3.2. Trainee assessment 100 |
| | 5.3.3. Structuring your training 102 |
| | 5.4. The training content 104 |
| | 5.4.1. Assuring trainee competency 105 |
| | 5.4.2. Search-head sensitivity profile (footprint) |
| | 5.4.3. Determining a field-accurate sensitivity profile (footprint) |
| | 5.4.4. Discriminating adjacent targets 109 |
| | 5.4.5. Stacked signals 109 |
| | 5.4.6. Linear metal targets 109 |
| | 5.4.7. Electromagnetic disturbance 110 |
| | 5.4.8. Pinpointing targets 110 |
| | 5.5. Work in ‘prepared’ and ‘unprepared’ areas |
| | 5.6. Rescue/evacuation using metal detectors |
| | Chapter 6: The use of metal detectors in mined areas |
| | 6.1. The detector ‘set-up’ 116 |
| | 6.2. Adjusting for different ground 118 |
| | 6.3. Adjusting to specific targets 120 |
| | 6.4. Discrimination of ‘innocent’ metal |
| | 6.5. Action on getting a detector signal |
| | Chapter 7: The way forward 127 |
| | 7.1. Lies, damned lies and statistics 127 |
| | 7.2. Reducing false alarms 128 |
| | 7.3. Incremental improvements 129 |
| | 7.3.1. Incremental advances in metal detection |
| | 7.3.2. Incremental advances in other technologies |
| | Annex A: Explosive detecting dogs (EDDs) 131 |
| | Annex B: Other explosive remnants of war detection methods |
| | Annex C: Explosive content of mines 151 |
| | Annex D: CWA 14747:2003 test overview 157 |
| | Annex E: Calibration of the Schiebel AN19/2 M7 159 |
| | Annex F: Suggested further reading 161 |
| | INDEX |
| | Quick reference index for field users 163 |
| | Main index 165 |