| | Hazardous substances in the European marine environment: |
| | 7,04 | | MB | Trends in metals and persistent organic pollutants |
| | 85 | | stron |
| | 3614 | | ID | European Environmental Bureau |
| | 2003 | | rok |
| | Summary |
| | 1. Introduction 1 |
| | 1.1. Definition of hazardous substances 1 |
| | 1.2. Chemical policies for European waters and seas 2 |
| | 1.3. Objectives of report and data used 3 |
| | 2. The seas of Europe 6 |
| | 2.1. Baltic Sea 6 |
| | 2.2. Norwegian Sea 7 |
| | 2.3. Greater North Sea 7 |
| | 2.4. Bay of Biscay, Iberian West Coast and Gulf of Cadiz 7 |
| | 2.5. Celtic Seas 7 |
| | 2.6. Mediterranean Sea 8 |
| | 2.7. Black Sea 8 |
| | 3. Impact of hazardous substances 9 |
| | 3.1. Impacts of metals 9 |
| | 3.1.1. Cadmium 9 |
| | 3.1.2. Mercury 9 |
| | 3.1.3. Lead 10 |
| | 3.2. Impacts of DDT, lindane and PCB 10 |
| | 3.2.1. DDT 11 |
| | 3.2.2. Lindane 12 |
| | 3.2.3. PCB 12 |
| | 4. Sources and inputs of hazardous substances (driving forces and pressures) 14 |
| | 4.1. Sources 14 |
| | 4.1.1. Cadmium 14 |
| | 4.1.2. Mercury 14 |
| | 4.1.3. Lead 15 |
| | 4.1.4. DDT 16 |
| | 4.1.5. Lindane 16 |
| | 4.1.6. PCB 16 |
| | 4.2. Inputs 17 |
| | 5. Spatial and temporal coverage of data 21 |
| | 5.1. Riverine input and direct discharges 21 |
| | 5.2. Atmospheric deposition 22 |
| | 5.3. Concentrations in organisms 22 |
| | 5.4. Validation of data on concentrations 22 |
| | 5.5. Spatial coverage for concentrations in biota 24 |
| | 5.6. Temporal coverage for concentrations in biota 24 |
| | 5.7. Data analysis 24 |
| | IV Hazardous substances in the European marine environment: Trends in metals and persistent |
| | organic pollutants |
| | 6. Present levels and trends (state) of hazardous substances 28 |
| | 6.1. Regional time trend assessments 28 |
| | 6.2. ‘Low’ and ‘high’ concentrations of contaminants 28 |
| | 6.3. Local assessment of concentrations and time trends 30 |
| | 6.3.1. Cadmium 32 |
| | 6.3.2. Mercury 36 |
| | 6.3.3. Lead 39 |
| | 6.3.4. DDT 43 |
| | 6.3.5. Lindane 46 |
| | 6.3.6. PCB 47 |
| | 7. Response measures 51 |
| | 7.1. Overall EU chemicals policy 51 |
| | 7.2. EU policy on hazardous substances in water 52 |
| | 7.2.1. Dangerous substances directive 52 |
| | 7.2.2. Water framework directive 52 |
| | 7.3. Specific EU policies on the six hazardous substances (marketing, use, emissions, foodstuff |
| | limit values, environmental concentrations) 53 |
| | 7.4. International policies 54 |
| | 8. Future development 56 |
| | 8.1. Is sufficient data available? 56 |
| | 8.2. Do sufficient limit/target values and statistical trend methods exist? 57 |
| | 8.3. Recommendations 57 |
| | 9. Conclusions 59 |
| | Glossary 61 |
| | References 64 |
| | Annex: Available data sets on concentrations in biota 71 |