| | SOME ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF |
| | 13,9 | | MB | AQUACULTURE IN SENSITIVE AREAS |
| | 305 | | stron |
| | 3624 | | ID | Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | 1 STUDY BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES AND APPROAC 1 |
| | 1.1 AQUACULTURE AND TE ENVIRONMENT IN TE EUROPEAN UNION. 1 |
| | 1.2 SPECIFIC BACKGROUND OF TE STUDY 4 |
| | 1.3 OBJECTIVE. 5 |
| | 1.4 APPROAC. 5 |
| | 1.5 LAYOUT OF TE REPORT . 7 |
| | 2 OVERVIEW OF COASTAL AQUACULTURE IN EUROPE 8 |
| | 2.1 COASTAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND SITING NEEDS . 10 |
| | 2.2 REGIONAL PRODUCTION PATTERNS 17 |
| | 3 ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS IN EUROPE. 29 |
| | 3.1 DEFINING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS. 29 |
| | 3.2 ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE SITES COVERED BY TIS PROJECT . 30 |
| | 3.3 STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS FOR NATURE CONSERVATION 35 |
| | 3.4 ABITATS AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE . 38 |
| | 3.5 INITIAL SCREENING OF ABITATS AND SPECIES . 39 |
| | 4 SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN AQUACULTURE AND |
| | ENVIRONMENTALLY-SENSITIVE AREAS 44 |
| | 4.1 PURPOSE AND METODOLOGY 44 |
| | 4.2 DATA 44 |
| | 4.3 SPATIAL ASSESSMENT .45 |
| | 4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS 46 |
| | 5 DETERMINATION OF PRINCIPAL PRESSURES ON SENSITIVE COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS |
| | FROM AQUACULTURE. 47 |
| | 5.1 SEDIMENTATION51 |
| | 5.2 CANGE IN BIO-GEOCEMISTRY . 56 |
| | 5.3 CANGE IN COASTAL PROCESSES 74 |
| | 5.4 INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACTS75 |
| | 5.5 VISUAL LAND AND SEASCAPE MODIFICATION. 76 |
| | 5.6 DISTURBANCE.78 |
| | 5.7 PREDATOR CONTROL .80 |
| | 5.8 CEMICAL INPUTS.82 |
| | 5.9 PATOGEN TRANSMISSION .86 |
| | 5.10 INTER-BREEDING WIT WILD ORGANISMS 90 |
| | 5.11 INTRODUCTION OF ALIEN SPECIES 96 |
| | 5.12 INDIRECT ECOSYSTEM PRESSURES .105 |
| | Some Aspects of Environmental Impact of Aquaculture in Sensitive Areas FIS/2004/15 |
| | 6 ABITAT AND SPECIES DESCRIPTION, ECOSYSTEM IMPORTANCE AND SENSITIVITY. 110 |
| | 6.1 REEFS .110 |
| | 6.2 SEAGRASS BEDS ON SUBLITTORAL SEDIMENTS115 |
| | 6.3 SANDBANKS, MUDFLATS AND SANDFLATS118 |
| | 6.4 MAERL BEDS122 |
| | 6.5 KELP AND SEAWEED COMMUNITIES .123 |
| | 6.6 SALTMARS COMMUNITIES125 |
| | 6.7 SAND DUNE COMMUNITIES 127 |
| | 6.8 SINGLE COMMUNITIES.128 |
| | 6.9 CETACEANS.129 |
| | 6.10 PINNIPEDS.131 |
| | 6.11 OTTERS 133 |
| | 6.12 FIS 134 |
| | 6.13 BIRDS138 |
| | 7 RISK IDENTIFICATION AND ECOSYSTEM VULNERABILITY 141 |
| | 7.1 LINKING SYSTEM-SPECIFIC PRESSURES AND VULNERABLE ECOSYSTEMS.141 |
| | 7.2 KEY PRODUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES DETERMINING ECOLOGICAL |
| | VULNERABILITY.157 |
| | 7.3 TRESOLDS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT164 |
| | 7.4 PLANNING AND MITIGATION APPROACES.168 |
| | 8 CASE STUDIES OF EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE IN SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS 184 |
| | 8.1 CAGE SALMON FARMING IN LOC CRERAN, SCOTLAND .184 |
| | 8.2 RAFT MUSSEL CULTURE IN RÍA DE AROUSA, SPAIN 190 |
| | 8.3 EXTENSIVE CLAM AQUACULTURE IN TE GORO LAGOON, ITALY 198 |
| | 8.4 SEA BASS AND SEA BREAM FARMING IN TE SARONIKOS GULF, GREECE .206 |
| | 9 OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN ENVIRONMENTALLY |
| | SENSITIVE AREAS. 210 |
| | 9.1 TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF AQUACULTURE.210 |
| | 9.2 OBJECTIVES OF ‘ECOLOGICAL’ CLASSIFICATION .211 |
| | 9.3 PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION OF AQUACULTURE IN SENSITIVE AREAS212 |
| | 9.4 USE OF AN ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION216 |
| | 10 FUTURE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 217 |
| | 10.1 REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT PLANNING OPTIONS218 |
| | 10.2 SAC MANAGEMENT PLANNING MEASURES .223 |
| | 10.3 CODES OF PRACTICE FOR AQUACULTURE IN SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTS228 |
| | 10.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTION .232 |
| | Appendices |
| | APPENDIX A: TERMS OF REFERENCE |
| | APPENDIX B: REFERENCES |
| | APPENDIX C: FINFIS PRODUCTION IN TE EU BY COUNTRY |
| | APPENDIX D: NATURA 2000 AREAS IN TE EU |
| | APPENDIX E: SPATIAL REPRESENTATION OF FINFIS CULTURE IN TE EU |
| | APPENDIX F: SPATIAL REPRESENTATION OF SELLFIS CULTURE IN TE EU |