Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons, 1st edition,

0,91

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1970

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3654

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World Health Organization

2002

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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION.1

1.1 DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE FIRST EDITION ..1

1.2 SOME WORKING DEFINITIONS2

1.3 ORIGIN AND PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT REPORT 3

1.4 STRUCTURE 4

APPENDIX 1.1: STATUS OF WHO MEMBER STATES UNDER THE CBW TREATIES.6

CHAPTER 2: ASSESSING THE THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH13

2.1 THE ANOMALOUS CHARACTER OF CBW..13

2.2 THE CHANGING TECHNOLOGY OF CBW15

2.3 NEW SCIENCE .18

2.4 A PRELIMINARY THREAT ASSESSMENT .19

CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL AGENTS OF PARTICULAR CONCERN.22

3.1 SELECTION PRINCIPLES22

3.1.1 Guidance from the international CBW treaties 23

3.1.2 Guidance from the historical record 25

3.2 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS.31

3.2.1 Classes of agent..31

3.2.2 Types of hazard32

3.2.3 Assessment..34

3.2 CONSEQUENCES OF EMPLOYING CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.34

3.3.1 Long-term health effects35

3.3.2 Assessment of possible long-term health effects ..37

3.3.3 Problems of defensive posture ..37

3.3.4 CBW as a psychological weapon39

3.3.5 Consequences for preparedness doctrine.40

3.4 CONCLUSION ..40

APPENDIX 3.1: HOW BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WEAPONS ARE DEFINED IN THE BWC

AND THE CWC.42

APPENDIX 3.2: CHEMICALS LISTED IN THE CWC ANNEX ON CHEMICALS ..44

APPENDIX 3.3: LISTING OF AGENTS IN THE DRAFT BWC PROTOCOL ..48

APPENDIX 3.4: "GULF WAR SYNDROME".50

APPENDIX 3.5: AGENT ORANGE.52

CHAPTER 4: PREPAREDNESS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH CONSEQUENCES 54

4.1 INTRODUCTION .54

4.2 PREPAREDNESS FOR CBW ATTACK.56

4.2.1 Identify the hazards.56

4.2.2 Evaluate the hazards..57

4.2.3 Introduce risk reduction strategies57

4.2.4 Quantify the residual risk, and make a risk acceptance decision60

4.2.5 Monitor the risk management programme, and repeat the process as required.60

4.3 RESPONSE TO CBW ATTACK..62

4.3.1 Response to chemical attack ..62

4.3.1.1 Chemical detection63

4.3.1.2 Evaluation of the chemical, hazard spread prediction, and casualty management

requirements..63

4.3.1.3 Protection of responders .63

4.3.1.4 Contamination control.64

4.3.1.5 Warn the population, and manage actions required ..64

4.3.1.6 Treat and evacuate casualties 65

4.3.1.7 International assistance 67

4.3.1.8 Definitive identification ..67

4.3.1.9 Monitor the residual hazard ..67

4.3.1.10 Definitive decontamination .68

4.3.1.11 Command, control, and communication68

4.3.2 Response to biological attack 68

4.3.2.1 Biological detection..70

4.3.2.2 Evaluate potential epidemic spread71

4.3.2.3 Protection of responders .71

4.3.2.4 Contamination/infection control .71

4.3.2.5 Warn the population, and manage actions required ..72

4.3.2.6 Treat and evacuate exposed cases ..72

4.3.2.7 International assistance 73

4.3.2.8 Definitive identification ..74

4.3.2.9 Monitor the epidemic ..74

APPENDIX 4.1: LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.75

APPENDIX 4.2: THE SARIN INCIDENTS IN JAPAN..76

CHAPTER 5: LEGAL CONTEXT82

5.1 THE 1925 GENEVA PROTOCOL 82

5.2 THE 1972 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION ..83

5.2.1 International obligations.83

5.2.2 National implementation ..85

5.3 THE 1993 CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION ..86

5.3.1 International obligations.86

5.3.2 National implementation ..87

APPENDIX 5.1: BWC IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION .89

APPENDIX 5.2: CWC IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION .92

CHAPTER 6: INTERNATIONAL SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE94

6.1 UNITED NATIONS: INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED USE..94

6.2 UNITED NATIONS: HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE95

6.3 ORGANIZATION FOR THE PROHIBITION OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS..96

6.4 WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION .98

6.5 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.99

6.6 OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOÖTIES99

6.7 BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION 101

6.8: INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS. 101

6.9 OTHER NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS.. 102

6.10 CONTACT INFORMATION 102

CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDATIONS ..104

LITERATURE CITATIONS ...106