| | Protecting Groundwater for Health |
| | 9,55 | | MB |
| | 678 | | stron |
| | 3656 | | ID | World Health Organization |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | Contents |
| | Structure of this book .. xi |
| | Acknowledgements .. xii |
| | Acronyms and abbreviations xvii |
| | SECTION I: SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND |
| | 1 Groundwater and public health ..3 |
| | 1.1 Groundwater as a source of drinking water 4 |
| | 1.2 The public health and socio-economic context of groundwater protection. 7 |
| | 1.3 Groundwater quantity 8 |
| | 1.4 Disease derived from groundwater use. 9 |
| | 1.5 Groundwater in the context of international activities to reduce water-related disease 13 |
| | 1.6 Groundwater in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.. 15 |
| | 1.7 References 16 |
| | 2 Groundwater occurrence and hydrogeological environments 21 |
| | 2.1 Groundwater in the hydrological system.. 22 |
| | 2.2 Groundwater occurrence and movement .. 26 |
| | 2.3 Groundwater discharge and recharge . 34 |
| | 2.4 Groundwater flow systems .. 36 |
| | 2.5 Geological environments and aquifer types. 38 |
| | 2.6 References 46 |
| | 3 Pathogens: Health relevance, transport and attenuation ..49 |
| | 3.1 Microbial pathogens and microbial indicator organisms .. 50 |
| | 3.2 Distribution of pathogens and faecal indicators in groundwater 55 |
| | 3.3 Transport and attenuation of microorganisms in the underground .. 60 |
| | 3.4 References 76 |
| | 4 Chemicals: Health relevance, transport and attenuation..81 |
| | 4.1 Subsurface transport and attenuation of chemicals..82 |
| | 4.2 Natural inorganic constituents 90 |
| | 4.3 Nitrogen species 99 |
| | 4.4 Metals..102 |
| | 4.5 Organic compounds..105 |
| | 4.6 Pesticides125 |
| | 4.7 Emerging issues..129 |
| | 4.8 References .131 |
| | 5 Socio-economic, institutional and legal aspects in groundwater assessment and protection 139 |
| | 5.1 Socio-economic status: issues of poverty and wealth ..140 |
| | 5.2 Population and population density.144 |
| | 5.3 Community participation and consultation144 |
| | 5.4 Land tenure and property rights..147 |
| | 5.5 Valuing and costing groundwater protection149 |
| | 5.6 Setting goals and objectives - how much will be protected? 151 |
| | 5.7 Institutional issues .152 |
| | 5.8 Legal framework 153 |
| | 5.9 References .154 |
| | SECTION II: UNDERSTANDING THE DRINKING-WATER CATCHMENT |
| | 6 Collecting information for characterising the catchment and assessing pollution potential159 |
| | 6.1 Types of information and access to it ..160 |
| | 6.2 The need for collaboration.166 |
| | 6.3 Sufficiency and quality of information – dealing with uncertainty 169 |
| | 6.4 Summary – how to proceed ..171 |
| | 6.5 References .174 |
| | 7 Characterisation of the socio-economic, institutional and legal setting .175 |
| | 7.1 Defining socio-economic status..175 |
| | 7.2 Institutional and stakeholder analysis ..180 |
| | 7.3 Managing stakeholder discussions – levelling the playing field.185 |
| | 7.4 Developing public participation . 185 |
| | 7.5 Analysis of land-use and groundwater use for policy development..188 |
| | 7.6 Valuing groundwater protection .191 |
| | 7.7 Checklist.193 |
| | 7.8 References .195 |
| | 8 Assessment of aquifer pollution vulnerability and susceptibility to the impacts of abstraction ..199 |
| | |
| | 8.1 Defining, characterising and mapping groundwater vulnerability.200 |
| | 8.2 Information needs and data sources for vulnerability assessment .213 |
| | 8.3 Estimating groundwater recharge ..219 |
| | Contents vii |
| | 8.4 Natural hydrochemical and geochemical environments .223 |
| | 8.5 Characterising groundwater abstraction .225 |
| | 8.6 Susceptibility of groundwater resources to degradation .228 |
| | 8.7 Checklist.236 |
| | 8.8 References .239 |
| | 9 Agriculture: Potential hazards and information needs 243 |
| | 9.1 Use of manure and fertilisers244 |
| | 9.2 Disposal of animal carcasses 252 |
| | 9.3 Animal feedlots ..253 |
| | 9.4 Use of wastewater and sewage sludge on land and in aquaculture 255 |
| | 9.5 Use of pesticides.257 |
| | 9.6 Irrigation and drainage.263 |
| | 9.7 Checklist.265 |
| | 9.8 References .270 |
| | 10 Human excreta and sanitation: Potential hazards and information needs ..275 |
| | 10.1 Contaminants of concern from sanitation systems.277 |
| | 10.2 Types of sanitation and their potential to contaminate groundwater 280 |
| | 10.3 Assessing the risks to groundwater298 |
| | 10.4 Analytical indication of human excreta and sewage in groundwater 300 |
| | 10.5 Checklist.301 |
| | 10.6 References .304 |
| | 11 Industry, mining and military sites: Potential hazards and information needs 309 |
| | 11.1 Industrial activities 310 |
| | 11.2 Mining activities.318 |
| | 11.3 Military facilities and activities ..328 |
| | 11.4 Checklist.333 |
| | 11.5 References .336 |
| | 12 Waste disposal and landfill: Potential hazards and information needs .339 |
| | 12.1 Types of solid waste .340 |
| | 12.2 Waste storage, treatment and disposal sites..344 |
| | 12.3 Factors governing contamination of groundwater by disposal of waste .345 |
| | 12.4 Assessing groundwater contamination associated with waste sites ..354 |
| | 12.5 Checklist.356 |
| | 12.6 References .360 |
| | 13 Traffic and transport: Potential hazards and information needs..363 |
| | 13.1 Groundwater pollutants from traffic .364 |
| | 13.2 Traffic- and transport-related activities polluting groundwater ..367 |
| | 13.3 Pathways of pollutants into groundwater368 |
| | 13.4 Checklist.369 |
| | 13.5 References .372 |
| | SECTION III: SITUATION ANALYSIS |
| | 14 Assessment of groundwater pollution potential 375 |
| | 14.1 The overall assessment process ..376 |
| | 14.2 Components of assessment of pollutant loading.378 |
| | 14.3 Outcome of assessing pollution potential ..389 |
| | 14.4 Using groundwater quality monitoring to support the assessment.391 |
| | 14.5 The Barbados case study 391 |
| | 14.6 The Perth case study.401 |
| | 14.7 References .408 |
| | 15 Establishing groundwater management priorities..411 |
| | 15.1 Ensuring the suitability of information412 |
| | 15.2 Prioritising pollutants in groundwater with respect to urgency of management responses 414 |
| | 15.3 Selection of management options..419 |
| | 15.4 Documentation and reporting ..425 |
| | 15.5 References .426 |
| | SECTION IV: APPROACHES TO DRINKING-WATER SOURCE PROTECTION MANAGEMENT |
| | 16 Water Safety Plans: Risk management approaches for the delivery of safe drinking water from |
| | groundwater sources..431 |
| | 16.1 End-product testing and the need for a risk management approach..433 |
| | 16.2 Scope of Water Safety Plans.433 |
| | 16.3 Preliminary steps for developing Water Safety Plans..436 |
| | 16.4 Hazard analysis438 |
| | 16.5 System assessment.440 |
| | 16.6 Control measures 443 |
| | 16.7 Operational monitoring449 |
| | 16.8 Corrective actions..450 |
| | 16.9 Verification451 |
| | 16.10 Supporting programmes .452 |
| | 16.11 Documentation 453 |
| | 16.12 References .462 |
| | 17 Groundwater protection zones 465 |
| | 17.1 The concept of a zone of protection..466 |
| | 17.2 Delineating protection zones 467 |
| | 17.3 Fixed radius and travel time approaches.471 |
| | 17.4 Approaches using vulnerability assessments 476 |
| | 17.5 A risk assessment approach for delineating protection zones..477 |
| | 17.6 Prioritising schemes for groundwater protection 480 |
| | 17.7 Managing land use and human activities in protection zones..483 |
| | 17.8 Monitoring and verification of protection zones.490 |
| | 17.9 References .491 |