Critical review of epidemiological evidence of the health effects

0,31

MB

of wastewater and excreta use in agriculture

42

stron

3659

ID

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine

2005

rok

Table of contents

Table of contents i

List of tables ii

List of figures iii

Glossary of epidemiological terms iv

Summary v

1. Introduction 1

2. Selection of studies and methods 1

3. Description and quality of selected studies 2

4. Summary of results 7

4.1 Risks to consumers from wastewater irrigation of crops eaten uncooked 7

4.1.1 Ascaris infection 7

4.1.2 Bacterial and viral infections 7

4.1.3 Overall 9

4.2 Risks to agricultural workers and their families from direct contact with wastewater and to

populations living nearby fields sprinkler-irrigated with wastewater 9

4.2.1 Intestinal parasite infections 9

4.2.2 Reported enteric infection 11

4.2.3 Serological studies 13

4.2.4 Overall 15

4.3 Risks to consumers of vegetables and to farming families from use of excreta to fertilize crops

15

5. Discussion 17

5.1 Limitations of the literature 17

5.2 Review of findings and application to derivation of guidelines for wastewater reuse

5.2.1 Category A Unrestricted irrigation 21

5.2.2 Category B Restricted irrigation 22

5.3 Review of findings and application to derivation of guidelines for excreta reuse 24

5.4 Adequacy of the information for the derivation of guidelines for wastewater reuse 24

5.5 Water quality guidelines or health targets 26

6. Conclusions 28

7. References 31