PRINCIPLES OF CHARACTERIZING AND APPLYING HUMAN

0,54

MB

EXPOSURE MODELS

76

stron

3661

ID

World Health Organization

2005

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.1

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE EXPOSURE MODELLING SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE IPCS

HARMONIZATION PROJECT EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT WORKING GROUP3

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 3

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.5

1. INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 Background and rationale .7

1.2 Goals of this work.7

1.3 Definitions and terminology .8

1.4 Exposure model applications 9

2. ASPECTS OF EXPOSURE MODELLING.12

2.1 Conceptual models12

2.2 Computational elements of a model .12

2.3 Approaches to exposure modelling.15

2.3.1 Mechanistic versus empirical models.15

2.3.2 Deterministic versus stochastic (probabilistic) models 17

2.3.3 Hybrid models 18

2.4 Criteria for selecting a model18

2.5 Quality assurance planning for modelling 19

2.6 Model evaluation 20

2.7 Conceptual domains in exposure modelling .21

2.7.1 Target population domain 22

2.7.2 Location domain.24

2.7.3 Time domain.25

2.8 Linking exposure modelling to risk assessment .27

3. CONCENTRATION, EXPOSURE AND DOSE MODELS.29

3.1 Concentration models .29

3.1.1 Air concentration models .30

3.1.2 Surface contamination models .31

3.1.3 Drinking-water concentration models 33

3.1.4 Food concentration models 37

3.2 Exposure and dose models38

3.2.1 Inhalation models .38

3.2.2 Dermal exposure models 41

3.2.3 Ingestion models.44

3.2.4 Multimedia models.48

3.2.5 Multichemical exposure models.50

3.2.6 Biologically based models of internal dose51

3.2.7 Source apportionment models 52

4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHARACTERIZING EXPOSURE MODELS 54

4.1 General model description 54

4.2 Model inputs .55

4.3 Model processes56

4.4 Model outputs .56

REFERENCES CITED.61