Developing Human Health-related Chemical Guidelines for

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Reclaimed Waster and Sewage Sludge Applications in Agriculture

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stron

3670

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World Health Organization

2005

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Table of Contents

Summary and Conclusions ii

Table of Contents viii

List of Tables x

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Land Application of Reclaimed Wastewater 2

1.2 Land Application of Sewage Sludge 3

1.3 Public Health Concerns – Pathogens and Toxic Chemicals 7

1.3.1 Pathogens. 7

1.3.2 Toxic Chemicals 7

1.3.3 Issues in Land Applications 7

1.4 Emerging Pollutants – Disinfection Byproducts, Pharmaceutically-active Ingredients, and

Endocrine Disruptors 11

1.4.1 Disinfection Byproducts 11

1.4.2 Pharmaceutically-active Ingredients and Endocrine Disruptors 11

1.5 Scope of The Report 15

Chapter 2. Approaches for Criteria Development

2.1 Water Quality Criteria 17

2.2 Guidelines, Criteria, and Regulations for Land Application of Reclaimed Wastewater and Sewage

Sludge 20

2.2.1 Preventing Pollutant Accumulation in Waste-Receiving Soils 20

2.2.2 Taking Maximum Advantage of the Soil’s Capacity to Assimilate and Detoxify Pollutants 22

2.3 Evaluation of Selected Criteria and Regulations 24

2.3.1 Irrigation Water Quality Criteria 24

2.3.2 Land Application of Municipal Sludge 31

2.3.3 Recent Developments in European Union 37

2.3.4 Perspectives 39

2.4 Concluding Remarks 41

2.4.1 Waste Category 41

2.4.2 Approaches of Controlling Pollutant Release 41

Chapter 3. Risk-based Assessment of Human Health Hazards

3.1 Hazard Identification 44

3.2 Health Concerns of Nitrate and Sodium Ions 51

3.2.1 Nitrate Ion 52

3.2.2 Sodium Ion 53

3.3 Dose-Response Analysis 54

3.4 Exposure Analysis 55

3.4.1 Pathway 1: Sludge-Soil-Plant-Human 59

3.4.2 Pathway 2: Sludge-Soil-Human 59

3.4.3 Pathway 3: Sludge-Soil-Plant-Animal-Human 60

3.4.4 Pathway 4: Sludge-Soil-Animal-Human 61

3.4.5 Pathway 10: Sludge-Soil-Airborne Particulate-Human 61

3.4.6 Pathway 11: Sludge-Soil-Surface Runoff-Surface Water-Human 61

3.4.7 Pathway 12: Sludge-Soil-Vadose Zone-Groundwater-Human 62

3.4.8 Pathway 13: Sludge-Soil-Atmosphere-human 62

3.4.9 Remarks 63

3.5 Selection of An Exposure Analysis Method 63

3.6 Exposure Scenario Employed 67

3.6.1 Daily Food Intake 67

3.6.2 Fraction of Diet Affected by Land Spreading of wastes 68

3.6.3 Pollutant Partition Factor Between Soil and Plant (Ksp) 68

3.6.4 Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) 70

3.6.5 Body Weight (BW) 70

3.6.6 Background Pollutant Exposure 70

3.6.7 Computation of Soil Pollutant Concentration 70

3.6.8 Results 71

3.7 Concluding Remarks – Needs of a Computer Model 76

Chapter 4. Guideline Formulation

4.1 Pollutant Source Control 77

4.2 Maximum Permissible Pollutant Concentrations of Soils Receiving Sewage Sludge and/or

Untreated Municipal Wastewater 78

4.3 Potential Long Term Adverse Ecological Impact of Land Application 79

References 80