Biomarkers and Risk Assessment: Concepts and Principles

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3684

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World Health Organization

2006

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CONTENTS

BIOMARKERS AND RISK ASSESSMENT: CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

PREFACE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Biomarkers - concepts

1.2. Definitions

1.3. Biomarkers and the risk assessment process

2. USES OF BIOMARKERS

2.1. Use in health risk assessment

2.2. Use for clinical diagnosis

2.3. Use for monitoring purposes

3. SELECTION AND VALIDATION OF BIOMARKERS

3.1. Selection - practical aspects

3.1.1. General laboratory considerations

3.1.2. Quality assurance and control

3.2. Validation and characteristics of biomarkers

4. ETHICS AND SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS

5. BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE

6. BIOMARKERS OF EFFECT

6.1. Haematological biomarkers

6.2. Nephrotoxicity biomarkers

6.3. Liver toxicity biomarkers

6.4. Biomarkers of immunotoxicity

6.5. Biomarkers of pulmonary toxicity

6.6. Biomarkers of reproductive and developmental toxicity

6.7. Biomarkers of neurotoxicity

7. BIOMARKERS AND CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS

7.1. Analysis of chemicals and metabolites

7.2. Biomarkers for genotoxic carcinogens

7.2.1. DNA adducts - general considerations

7.2.2. DNA adducts in human samples

7.2.3. Protein adducts

7.2.4. Cytogenetic methods

7.2.5. Chromosome damage

7.2.6. Sister chromatid exchange

7.2.7. Micronuclei

7.2.8. Aneuploidy

7.2.9. Mutation

7.3. Biomarkers for non-genotoxic carcinogenesis

8. BIOMARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

9. SUMMARY

10. RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1. General

10.2. Research

10.3. Applications

REFERENCES

RESUME