| | ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR ARSENIC AND ARSENIC |
| | 2,44 | | MB | COMPOUNDS |
| | 248 | | stron |
| | 3685 | | ID | World Health Organization |
| | 2006 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | PREAMBLE |
| | ABBREVIATIONS |
| | 1. SUMMARY |
| | 1.1 Properties and analytical procedures |
| | 1.2 Sources and occurrence of arsenic in the environment |
| | 1.3 Environmental transport and distribution |
| | 1.4 Environmental levels and human exposure |
| | 1.5 Kinetics and metabolism |
| | 1.6 Effects on laboratory animals and in vitro systems |
| | 1.7 Effects on human health |
| | 1.8 Effects on other organisms in the environment |
| | 2. PROPERTIES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES |
| | 2.1 Identity |
| | 2.2 Chemical and physical properties of arsenic compounds |
| | 2.3 Analytical procedures |
| | 2.4 Sample preparation and treatment |
| | 2.4.1 Sampling and collection |
| | 2.4.2 Oxidative digestion |
| | 2.4.3 Extraction |
| | 2.4.4 Supercritical fluid extraction |
| | 2.5 Macro-measurement |
| | 2.6 Colorimetric methods |
| | 2.7 Methods for total inorganic arsenic |
| | 2.8 Atomic spectrometry |
| | 2.9 ICP methodologies |
| | 2.10 Voltammetry |
| | 2.11 Radiochemical methods |
| | 2.12 X-ray spectroscopy |
| | 2.13 Hyphenated techniques |
| | 3. SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE OF ARSENIC IN THE ENVIRONMENT |
| | 3.1 Natural sources |
| | 3.2 Sources of environmental pollution |
| | 3.2.1 Industry |
| | 3.2.2 Past agricultural use |
| | 3.2.3 Sewage sludge |
| | 3.3 Uses |
| | 4. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION |
| | 4.1 Transport and distribution between media |
| | 4.1.1 Air |
| | 4.1.2 Freshwater and sediment |
| | 4.1.3 Estuarine and marine water and sediment |
| | 4.1.4 Soil |
| | 4.2 Biotransformation |
| | 4.2.1 Oxidation and reduction |
| | 4.2.2 Methylation |
| | 4.2.3 Degradation |
| | 4.2.3.1 Abiotic degradation |
| | 4.2.3.2 Biodegradation |
| | 4.2.4 Bioaccumulation |
| | 4.2.4.1 Microorganisms |
| | 4.2.4.2 Macroalgae |
| | 4.2.4.3 Aquatic invertebrates |
| | 4.2.4.4 Fish |
| | 4.2.4.5 Terrestrial plants |
| | 4.2.4.6 Terrestrial invertebrates |
| | 4.2.4.7 Birds |
| | 5. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE |
| | 5.1 Environmental levels |
| | 5.1.1 Air |
| | 5.1.2 Precipitation |
| | 5.1.3 Surface water |
| | 5.1.4 Groundwater |
| | 5.1.5 Sediment |
| | 5.1.6 Sewage sludge |
| | 5.1.7 Soil |
| | 5.1.8 Biota |
| | 5.1.8.1 Freshwater |
| | 5.1.8.2 Marine |
| | 5.1.8.3 Terrestrial |
| | 5.2 General population exposure |
| | 5.2.1 Air |
| | 5.2.2 Food and beverages |
| | 5.2.3 Drinking-water |
| | 5.2.4 Soil |
| | 5.2.5 Miscellaneous exposures |
| | 5.3 Occupational exposures |
| | 5.4 Total human intake of arsenic from all environmental pathways |
| | 6. KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS |
| | 6.1 Inorganic arsenic |
| | 6.1.1 Absorption |
| | 6.1.1.1 Respiratory deposition and absorption |
| | 6.1.1.2 Gastrointestinal absorption |
| | 6.1.1.3 Dermal absorption |
| | 6.1.1.4 Placental transfer |
| | 6.1.2 Distribution |
| | 6.1.2.1 Fate of inorganic arsenic in blood |
| | 6.1.2.2 Tissue distribution |
| | 6.1.3 Metabolic transformation |
| | 6.1.3.1 Animal studies |
| | 6.1.3.2 Human studies |
| | 6.1.4 Elimination and excretion |
| | 6.1.4.1 Animal studies |
| | 6.1.4.2 Human studies |
| | 6.1.5 Retention and turnover |
| | 6.1.5.1 Animal studies |
| | 6.1.5.2 Human studies |
| | 6.1.6 Reaction with body components |
| | 6.2 Organic arsenic compounds |
| | 6.2.1 Absorption |
| | 6.2.1.1 Respiratory deposition and absorption |
| | 6.2.1.2 Gastrointestinal absorption |
| | 6.2.1.3 Dermal absorption |
| | 6.2.1.4 Placental transfer |
| | 6.2.2 Distribution |
| | 6.2.2.1 Fate of organic arsenic in blood |
| | 6.2.2.2 Tissue distribution |
| | 6.2.3 Metabolic transformation |
| | 6.2.3.1 Animal studies |
| | 6.2.3.2 Human studies |
| | 6.2.4 Elimination and excretion |
| | 6.2.4.1 Animal studies |
| | 6.2.4.2 Human studies |
| | 6.2.5 Retention and turnover |
| | 6.3 Biomarkers of arsenic exposure |
| | 6.3.1 Arsenic in hair and nails |
| | 6.3.2 Blood arsenic |
| | 6.3.3 Arsenic and metabolites in urine |
| | 7. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS |
| | 7.1 Inorganic arsenic |
| | 7.1.1 Single exposure |
| | 7.1.1.1 Acute toxicity data |
| | 7.1.2 Short-term exposure |
| | 7.1.2.1 Oral |
| | 7.1.2.2 Inhalation |
| | 7.1.2.3 Dermal |
| | 7.1.2.4 Parenteral |
| | 7.1.3 Long-term exposure |
| | 7.1.3.1 Oral |
| | 7.1.3.2 Inhalation |
| | 7.1.3.3 Dermal |
| | 7.1.4 Skin and eye irritation; sensitization |
| | 7.1.4.1 Contact sensitivity |
| | 7.1.5 Reproductive toxicity, embryotoxicity, and teratogenicity |
| | 7.1.5.1 In vivo embryo and fetal toxicity |
| | 7.1.5.2 In vitro embryo and fetal toxicity |
| | 7.1.5.3 Teratogenicity |
| | 7.1.5.4 Gene expression |
| | 7.1.5.5 Induction of heat shock proteins |
| | 7.1.5.6 Male reproductive toxicity |
| | 7.1.6 Genotoxicity and related end-points |
| | 7.1.6.1 Bacteria |
| | 7.1.6.2 Mammalian cells |
| | 7.1.6.3 Human cells |
| | 7.1.6.4 In vivo genotoxicity |
| | 7.1.6.5 Mechanism of genotoxicity |