Regionally Based Assessment of Persistent Toxic Substances

5,23

MB

158

stron

3693

ID

UNEP Chemicals

2003

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE VI

EXECUTIVE SUMMMARYVII

1. INTRODUCTION. 1

1.1. BACKGROUND. 1

1.2. OVERVIEW OF THE RBA PTS PROJECT . 1

1.2.1. Objectives .1

1.2.2. Results2

1.3. METHODOLOGY. 2

1.3.1. Regional divisions.2

1.3.2. Management structure.2

1.3.3. Data processing..2

1.3.4. Project funding3

1.4. SCOPE OF THE EUROPEAN REGIONAL ASSESSMENT.. 3

1.4.1. Introduction.3

1.4.2. Omissions/weaknesses3

1.4.3. Other European Assessment projects..4

1.5. GENERAL DEFINITIONS OF CHEMICALS. 5

1.5.1. Persistent Toxic Substances.5

1.5.2. Pesticides..5

1.5.3. Industrial Chemicals 8

1.5.4. Unintended by-products.9

1.5.5. Other PTS of emerging concern in Europe..9

1.6. PHYSICAL SETTING 15

1.6.1. Physical/geographical description of the terrestrial Europe .15

1.6.2. Climate and meteorology16

1.6.3. European freshwater environments16

1.6.4. European marine environment.17

1.7. PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT/SETTLEMENT.. 18

1.8. REFERENCES.. 19

2. SOURCES OF PTS . 22

2.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION TO PTS SOURCES. 22

2.2. DATA COLLECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL ISSUES. 22

2.2.1. Introduction..22

2.2.2. Emission inventories.22

2.2.3. Conceptual approach.23

2.3. PESTICIDES.. 24

2.3.1. Aldrin ..24

2.3.2. Chlordane..24

2.3.3. DDTs25

2.3.4. Dieldrin 25

2.3.5. Endrin..25

2.3.6. Heptachlor.25

2.3.7. Hexachlorobenzene25

2.3.8. Mirex26

2.3.9. Toxaphene.26

2.4. INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS. 26

2.4.1. Polychlorinated biphenyls..26

2.5. UNINTENDED BY-PRODUCTS 27

2.5.1. Dioxins and furans .27

2.6. OTHER PTS OF EMERGING CONCERN IN EUROPE 28

2.6.1. Brominated flame retardants.28

2.6.2. Lindane (γ-HCH) 28

2.6.3. Organic mercury .29

2.6.4. Organic tin .29

2.6.5. Pentachlorophenol..29

2.6.6. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.30

2.6.7. Short chain chlorinated paraffins 32

2.6.8. Hexabromobiphenyl..34

2.7. CONLUSIONS.. 34

2.8. REFERENCES.. 35

3. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS, TOXICOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISATION .. 37

3.1. LEVELS AND TRENDS.. 37

3.1.1. Introduction..37

3.1.2. Air .37

3.1.3. References.41

3.1.4. Deposition.43

3.1.5. Snow and ice .45

3.1.6. Aquatic ecosystems45

3.1.7. Terrestrial ecosystems..59

3.1.8. Hot spots .67

3.1.9. Conclusions..72

3.2. ECOTOXICOLOGY OF PTS OF REGIONAL CONCERN . 74

3.2.1. Introduction..74

3.2.2. Overview of harmful effects .74

3.2.3. Mechanisms of harmful effects74

3.2.4. Ecotoxicological effects on the particular types of biota77

3.2.5. Ecotoxicological databases and laboratory and field studies79

3.2.6. Data gaps80

3.2.7. References.81

3.3. HUMAN EFFECTS OF PTS OF REGIONAL CONCERN 85

3.3.1. Introduction..85

3.3.2. Overview of harmful effects .86

3.3.3. National and regional human health effects reports..88

3.3.4. Conclusions..90

3.3.5. References.90

3.4. HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PTS COMPOUNDS IN REGION III – EUROPE . 92

3.4.1. Introduction..92

3.4.2. PCBs 93

3.4.3. PCDD/Fs.95

3.4.4. HCB .99

3.4.5. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers100

3.4.6. Conlusions..100

3.4.7. References..101

4. ASSESSMENT OF MAJOR PATHWAYS OF CONTAMINANTS TRANSPORT. 103

4.1. GENERAL FEATURES . 103

4.2. REGION SPECIFIC FEATURES.. 104

4.3. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING MODELLING PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS . 104

4.3.1. Introduction104

4.3.2. Steady state models.104

4.3.3. Dynamic models ..105

4.4. EMEP/MSCE-POP MODEL – A MODEL USED IN THE REGION 107

4.4.1. Introduction107

4.4.2. Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) 108

4.4.3. γ-HCH..111

4.4.4. Polychlorinated biphenyls113

4.4.5. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB).114

4.4.6. PCDDs/Fs 116

4.5. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT (LRT) .. 118

4.6. CONCLUSIONS . 120

4.7. REFERENCES 121

5. PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE REGIONAL CAPACITY AND NEED

TO MANAGE PTS .. 123

5.1. INTRODUCTION. 123

5.2. MONITORING CAPACITY 123

5.2.1. Introduction123

5.2.2. Existing regional monitoring programmes .124

5.2.3. Local monitoring..125

5.3. EXISTING REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES.. 125

5.3.1. International 125

5.3.2. Regional 125

5.4. WHITE PAPER ON THE COMMISSION ON A NEW CHEMICALS POLICY IN EUROPE.. 127

5.4.1. National128

5.5. STATUS OF ENFORCEMENT . 128

5.6. ALTERNATIVES OR MEASURES FOR REDUCTION. 128

5.7. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER . 131

5.8. IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDS . 132

5.9. CONCLUSIONS . 134

5.10. REFERENCES 134

CONCLUSIONS 134

ANNEX I . 143