Munitions Dumped at Sea: A Literature Review

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IC Consultants Ltd

2005

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Index

Executive Summary 3

1. Introduction 6

2. Physical Contact with Munitions 10

3. Contamination of Marine Life 23

4. Underwater Explosions, and their Consequences 41

5. Leave Undisturbed or Attempt to Recover ? 47

6. Future Scenarios 53

7. Conclusions 58

Acknowledgements 60

Bibliography 61

Appendix 1: Typical Locations and Types of Sea-Dumped Conventional and Chemical Munitions 71

Appendix 2: Name and Structure of Chemical and Conventional Munitions 80

Appendix 3: PBT Criteria 85