Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran

0,53

MB

Contamination of Sediments and Photochemical

95

stron

Decontamination of Soils

3748

ID

National Public Health Institute

2004

rok

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION .. 15

2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. 17

2.1 Sources of PCDD/Fs to land and water.. 17

2.1.1 Sources and emissions in Europe .. 17

2.1.2 Sources and emissions in the Baltic Sea region . 19

2.1.3 Production and use of chlorophenols 23

2.1.4 Production and use of vinyl chloride 25

2.1.5 Natural sources 26

2.2 Contamination of soils .. 28

2.3 Contamination of sediments.. 29

2.4 Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments.. 31

2.4.1 Available and emerging techniques.. 31

2.4.2 Photodegradation 34

3 AIMS OF THE STUDY .. 42

4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 43

4.1 Sediment sampling .. 43

4.2 Photodegradation of PCDD/Fs 43

4.2.1 Light sources. 43

4.2.2 Vegetable oils ..44

4.2.3 Photodegradation experiments in liquids .. 44

4.2.4 Photodegradation experiments on soils .. 44

4.3 Analytical methods.. 45

4.3.1 Extraction and pre-treatment of samples 45

4.3.2 Purification and quantification of samples 45

4.3.3 Analysis of degradation products .. 46

4.3.4 Quality control and assurance.. 47

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.. 48

5.1 PCDD/Fs in the Gulf of Finland sediments . 48

5.1.1 Concentrations and spatial distribution .. 48

5.1.2 General time trends 51

5.1.3 Congener-specific time trends . 53

5.1.4 Congener patterns .. 54

5.1.5 General inventory .. 62

5.1.6 Inventory for tetra- and pentachlorinated PCDD/Fs. 63

5.2 Natural sources of PCDD/Fs . 67

5.3 Photodegradation of PCDD/Fs 70

5.3.1 Degradation products 70

5.3.2 Influence of PCDD/F structure 72

5.3.3 Influence of wavelength range 73

5.3.4 Properties and functions of vegetable oils . 74

5.3.5 Assessment of soil decontamination techniques 77

6 CONCLUSIONS.. 79

7 REFERENCES.. 83