CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PROVEN CHEMICAL WEAPON

0,67

MB

DESTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

130

stron

3754

ID

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

2002

rok

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 190

I. MANDATE FOR DESTRUCTION 194

II. OVERALL PERSPECTIVE 202

A. Experience in the destruction of chemical weapons 202

B. Chemical weapons awaiting destruction 207

C. Summary 212

III. NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 213

IV. TRANSPORT OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND BULK AGENT 216

A. Introduction 216

B. Experience 216

C. Risk perspectives 220

V. REMOVAL OF CHEMICAL AGENTS FROM CHEMICAL WEAPONS 223

A Disassembly and draining 223

B. Explosive charges for accessing chemical weapons 224

C. Water-jet technology for munitions cleaning and cutting 225

D. Cryofracture 226

VI. HIGH-TEMPERATURE DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS 230

A. Incineration 230

B. Plasma pyrolysis 239

C. Molten metal technology 244

D. Hydrogenolysis 247

E. Destruction of arsenicals 251

VII. LOW-TEMPERATURE DESTRUCTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS 258

A. Hydrolysis of mustard agent HD 258

B. Hydrolysis of mustard and nerve agents using aqueous sodium hydroxide 262

C. Reaction of mustard and nerve agents using amines and other reagents 265

D. Electrochemical oxidation 267

E. Solvated electron technology (SET) 272

VIII. EFFLUENT TREATMENT 276

A. Gas 276

B. Liquid 280

C. Solid 289

IX. DEALING WITH OLD RECOVERED MUNITIONS 291

A. Transportation of old chemical weapons 294

B. Identification 295

C. Removal of chemical warfare agents from munitions 295

D. Destruction including mobile destruction facilities 297

E. Transport of toxic waste 297

F. Chemical weapons abandoned by Japan in China 298

G. U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Project 300

X. TECHNOLOGY COMPARISONS 305

XI. TECHNOLOGIES AND CONSTRAINTS: MAKING INFORMED DECISIONS 309

GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS 314