Vitrification Technologies for Treatment of Hazardous and

10,8

MB

Radioactive Waste

98

stron

3756

ID

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2000

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DISCLAIMER ii

LIST OF TABLES . iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

ACRONYMS vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii ..

INTRODUCTION

. Purpose ..

. Overview .

. Handbook Organization

. Glass Structure

. Stabilizing Mechanisms

TYPES OF VITRIFICATION PROCESSES ..

. Thermal Process Heating

APPLICABLE WASTE TYPES AND CONTAMINANTS .

. Applicable Waste Types ..

. Applicable Contaminants .

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

. Product Durability ..

. Product Volume Reductions and Densities

GLASS STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO VITRIFICATION ..

Chemical Attack Mechanisms

Electric Process Heating ..

. Product Use ..

OFFGAS TREATMENT .

. OffGas Components .

. Constituents of Concern ..

. Means of OffGas Control

. Capabilities

. Limitations ..

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TESTING ..

. Physical Tests ..

. Chemical Tests

. Selection of Vitrification Processes .

. Initial Testing and ScalingUp

CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS ..

PROCESS EVALUATION ..

. cost ..

REFERENCES . R

APPENDIX A .. A