| | WWF BALTIC ECOREGION CONSERVATION PLAN: Biodiversity |
| | 0,81 | | MB | Conservation and Ecosystem-Based Management in the Baltic |
| | 61 | | stron | Sea |
| | 3788 | | ID | World Wildlife Fund International |
| | 2004 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | WWF´s Indicators for Success in the Baltic Eco-region 2 |
| | Table of Contents 3 |
| | Executive Summary 5 |
| | Introduction 6 |
| | Why Eco-Region Based Conservation 7 |
| | Implementing Eco-Region Conservation 7 |
| | Key Elements of Eco-Region Conservation 7 |
| | Root Cause (and Socio-Economic) Analysis 7 |
| | Eco-Region Action Plan for the Baltic Sea 8 |
| | Present Situation 9 |
| | Current Structure of the Baltic Eco-region Programme 9 |
| | Policy Context 9 |
| | Biodiversity of the Baltic Sea 11 |
| | A Young and Unique Ecosystem 11 |
| | A Vulnerable Area Under Threat 11 |
| | A Wide Variety of Ecosystems and Habitats 12 |
| | Coastal and Marine Habitats 12 |
| | Coastal and Marine Species 13 |
| | Threats and Solutions 16 |
| | Main Threats to Baltic Biodiversity 16 |
| | Integrated Spatial Planning 16 |
| | Ecosystem-Based Management 17 |
| | Habitat Degradation 17 |
| | Biotope Classification and Assessment 17 |
| | Natura 2000/ Emerald Network in the Baltic Sea Area 18 |
| | Other Policy Tools 19 |
| | Coastal Wetlands and Lagoons 21 |
| | Semi-Natural Coastal Habitats 21 |
| | Important Bird Areas and Wintering Areas of Seabirds 21 |
| | Bladder Wrack (Fucus vesiculosus) Communities 22 |
| | Coastal and Offshore Areas 22 |
| | Non-Indigenous Species 24 |
| | Root Causes 24 |
| | The Way Forward 26 |
| | Shipping 27 |
| | A Major Threat to Marine Biodiversity and Human Settlements 27 |
| | Environmental Impacts of Shipping and Oil Spills 28 |
| | Socio-Economic Impacts of Shipping and Oil Spills 28 |
| | Statistics on Shipping, Oil Transport and Accidents 28 |
| | WWF Baltic Ecoregion Action Programme - Conservation Plan 4 |
| | What is a PSSA? 29 |
| | The Way Forward 32 |
| | Fisheries 35 |
| | Biological and Geographical Characteristics 35 |
| | Fishing Activities 36 |
| | Status of Stocks 36 |
| | Socio-economic Factors 39 |
| | Fisheries and Sustainability 39 |
| | The Way Forward 41 |
| | Eutrophication 42 |
| | Ecological Effects of Eutrophication 42 |
| | Socio-Economic Factors 43 |
| | Limiting the Negative Impacts of Eutrophication 45 |
| | The Way Forward 45 |
| | Fresh Water - the Link Between Land and Sea 46 |
| | A Catchment Area Perspective 46 |
| | The Importance of Freshwaters for the Baltic Sea –An Overview 47 |
| | Human Impact on Freshwaters 48 |
| | Changes of the Landscape and Water Bodies 48 |
| | Pollution 49 |
| | The Way Forward 49 |
| | Toxics 50 |
| | The Toxics Issue 50 |
| | Overall Goal 51 |
| | Sources of Toxics 53 |
| | Existing Trends Related to Environmental Impacts 54 |
| | Root Causes and Selection of Socio-Economic Factors 54 |
| | Inadequate Standards Around the Baltic Sea 55 |
| | Poor Data Availability 55 |
| | Management/ Decision-Making Traditions 56 |
| | Development of the Agricultural Sector 56 |
| | Activities within WWF Baltic Eco-region Programme 56 |
| | The Way Forward 58 |
| | Priority Species 59 |
| | Introduction 59 |
| | List of Priority Species 59 |
| | Coastal Plants 59 |
| | Lichens 59 |
| | Mammals 59 |
| | Fish 59 |
| | Birds 59 |
| | Invertebrates 60 |
| | Amphibians 60 |
| | Reptiles 60 |
| | Marine plants 60 |
| | Abbrevations and Acronymes 61 |