| | DERIVATION OF HEALTH-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING |
| | 1,06 | | MB | LEVELS FOR CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS |
| | 188 | | stron |
| | 3828 | | ID | United States Army Center for Health Promotion & Preventive Medicine |
| | 1999 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi |
| | 1. INTRODUCTION |
| | 1.1 Purpose . 1-1 |
| | 1.2 Background 1-2 |
| | 1.3 Applications/Limitations 1-9 |
| | 2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT |
| | 2.1 Exposure Scenarios . 2-1 |
| | 2.2 Exposure Pathways . 2-2 |
| | 2.3 Exposure Parameters . 2-3 |
| | 3. METHODS FOR DERIVING SCREENING LEVELS |
| | 3.1 Risk-Based Concentrations (RBCs) 3-1 |
| | 3.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 3-4 |
| | 3.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 3-7 |
| | 4. AGENT HD (SULFUR MUSTARD) 4-1 |
| | 4.1 Risk-based Concentrations (RBCs) 4-3 |
| | 4.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 4-3 |
| | 4.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 4-4 |
| | 4.4 Summary . 4-5 |
| | 5. AGENT VX . 5-1 |
| | 5.1 Risk-based Concentrations (RBCs) 5-2 |
| | 5.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 5-3 |
| | 5.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 5-3 |
| | 5.4 Summary . 5-4 |
| | 6. AGENT GB (SARIN) . 6-1 |
| | 6.1 Risk-based Concentrations (RBCs) 6-2 |
| | 6.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 6-3 |
| | 6.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 6-3 |
| | 6.4 Summary . 6-4 |
| | 7. AGENT GA (TABUN) 7-1 |
| | 7.1 Risk-based Concentrations (RBCs) 7-2 |
| | 7.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 7-3 |
| | 7.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 7-3 |
| | 7.4 Summary . 7-4 |
| | 8. AGENT GD (SOMAN) 8-1 |
| | 8.1 Risk-based Concentrations (RBCs) 8-2 |
| | 8.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 8-3 |
| | 8.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 8-3 |
| | 8.4 Summary . 8-4 |
| | 9. LEWISITE 9-1 |
| | 9.1 Risk-based Concentrations (RBCs) 9-3 |
| | 9.2 Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 9-3 |
| | 9.3 Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 9-3 |
| | 9.4 Summary . 9-4 |
| | 10. COMPARISON OF SCREENING METHODS |
| | 10.1 Ingestion . 10-1 |
| | 10.2 Dermal . 10-1 |
| | 10.3 Migration to Groundwater . 10-2 |
| | 10.4 Airborne Dust . 10-4 |
| | 10.5 Volatiles . 10-4 |
| | 10.6 Multipathway . 10-4 |
| | 11. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
| | 11.1 General 11-1 |
| | 11.2 Comparisons of Screening Methodologies . 11-2 |
| | 11.3 Conclusions . 11-4 |
| | 11.4 Uncertainties Associated With the Chemical Warfare Agent HBESLs . 11-5 |
| | 11.5 Recommendations 11-9 |
| | 12. REFERENCES . 12-1 |
| | 13. GLOSSARY 13-1 |
| | Appendix A. Derivation of Chemical Parameters . A-1 |
| | Appendix B. Carcinogenic Potency of Sulfur Mustard B-1 |
| | Appendix C. Screening Values for Trespassers . C-1 |
| | Appendix D. Agricultural/Grazing Scenarios D-1 |
| | Appendix E. Modeling Potential Chemical Agent Contamination of Ground Water . E-1 |
| | Appendix F. Primary Breakdown Products of Chemical Agents F-1 |
| | Appendix G. Toxicity of Agents GA and GD Relative to the Toxicity of Agent GB . G-1 |
| | Appendix H. Derivation of Dermal Absorption Factors for Chemical Agents in Soil . H-1 |
| | LIST OF TABLES |
| | 1-1. Physical/chemical properties and known environmental properties of chemical warfare agents |
| | 1-6 |
| | 1-2. Available reference doses, slope factors and inhalation exposure limits . 1-7 |
| | 2-1. USEPA and regional default values for risk assessment calculations . 2-4 |
| | 2-2. Body surface areas for 50th percentile of population 2-8 |
| | 2-3. Chemical/environmental parameters for chemical agents . 2-13 |
| | 2-4. Dermal absorption values for chemical agents 2-14 |
| | 3-1. Parameters used in Risk-based Concentration (RBC) equations . 3-2 |
| | 3-2. Parameters used in equations for Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) . 3-5 |
| | 3-3. Parameters used in equations for Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) . 3-9 |
| | 4-1. Summary of calculated HBESLs for agent HD 4-1 |
| | 4-2. Toxicity values and environmental parameters for agent HD . 4-2 |
| | 5-1. Summary of calculated HBESLs for agent VX 5-1 |
| | 5-2. Toxicity values and environmental parameters for agent VX . 5-2 |
| | 6-1. Summary of calculated HBESLs for agent GB 6-1 |
| | 6-2. Toxicity values and environmental parameters for agent GB . 6-2 |
| | 7-1. Summary of calculated HBESLs for agent GA 7-1 |
| | 7-2. Toxicity values and environmental parameters for agent GA . 7-2 |
| | 8-1. Summary of calculated HBESLs for agent GD 8-1 |
| | 8-2. Toxicity values and environmental parameters for agent GD . 8-2 |
| | 9-1. Summary of calculated HBESLs for Lewisite . 9-1 |
| | 9-2. Toxicity values and environmental parameters for Lewisite 9-2 |
| | 11-1. Key areas of uncertainty and effect on conservatism of HBESL 11-6 |
| | 11-2. Range of Estimated HBESLs for Chemical Warfare Agents . 11-8 |
| | A-1. Vapor pressure, solubility and Henry's Law Constants . A-2 |
| | B-1. Estimate of the upper limit for carcinogenic potency (risk per mg/kg-d) of sulfur mustard . B-5 |
| | |
| | C-1. Values used for calculating HBESLs . C-5 |
| | C-2. Calculated trespasser HBESL values for chemical warfare agents . C-6 |
| | C-3. Key areas of uncertainty and type of effect on conservatism of HBESL C-7 tres E-1. |
| | Chemical-specific parameters E-3 |
| | E-2. Landscape parameters used in VLEACH modeling . E-4 |
| | E-3. Maximum concentrations of chemicals reaching water table E-9 |
| | E-4. Predictions of ground-water flow before complete hydrolysis of chemical agent . E-10 |