Marine Litter

0,29

MB

43

stron

3836

ID

Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science

2002

rok

Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction . 5

2.0 Litter in The Marine Environment 6

2.1 Types and Quantities of Marine Litter 6

2.2 The Behaviour of Marine Litter . 6

2.3 Monitoring Marine Litter . 8

3.0 Quantifying The Impact of Marine Litter 10

3.1 Ecological Impacts . 10

3.2 Fisheries 13

3.3 Aquaculture 14

3.4 Human Health 14

3.5 Recreational and Leisure Usage . 15

3.6 Navigation (Non-military) . 16

3.7 Military Activities and Navigation . 17

3.8 Power Generation 17

3.9 Seawater Abstraction. 18

3.10 Flood Defence . 19

3.11 Agriculture 19

3.12 Aesthetic Intangible Costs. 19

3.13 Summary of Costs 19

4.0 National and International Regulatory Controls of Litter in the Marine Environment 21

4.1 London Convention . 21

4.2 MARPOL 21

4.3 EC Directives 22

4.4 National Legislation . 24

4.5 OSPAR 26

5.0 Conclusions 28

6.0 Recommendations for Further Action 29

Acknowledgements. 30

References 31

Appendix A: Review of Surveys and Initiatives . 35

Appendix B: List of Consultees.. 41