Desk Study on the Environment in Iraq

8,34

MB

98

stron

3839

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2003

rok

Table of Contents

Foreword 6

1. Introduction 8

1.1 Overview 8

1.2 Background and objectives 8

1.3 UNEP’s role in post-conflict environmental assessment 9

2. Background information 10

2.1 Overview . 10

2.2 Country maps . 10

2.3 Geographical features . 11

2.4 Key social issues . 13

2.5 Key economic issues 17

2.6 Chronology of key events up to and including the 2003 conflict 24

3. Summary of chronic environmental issues 28

3.1 Overview . 28

3.2 Water resources 28

3.3 Waste management . 34

3.4 Oil industry . 37

3.5 Ecosystem degradation 39

3.6 Biodiversity . 46

3.7 Institutional and administrative issues 49

4. Environmental impacts of military conflicts 52

4.1 Overview . 52

4.2 Iran-Iraq war, 1980-1988 52

4.3 Gulf War, 1991 56

4.4 Environmental impacts and risks from the conflict of March/April 2003 70

5. Next Steps 84

5.1 Overview . 84

5.2 Next steps 84

Appendices

Appendix A References and Internet sources . .