EPA Handbook on The Management of Munitions Response

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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

2006

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

GLOSSARY OF TERMS . xiii

ACRONYMS . xxv

1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1-1

1.1 Overview 1-1

1.2 The Common Nomenclature . 1-2

1.3 Organization of This Handbook 1-5

2.0 REGULATORY OVERVIEW . 2-1

2.1 Regulatory Overview . 2-2

2.1.1 Defense Environmental Restoration Program 2-2

2.1.2 CERCLA 2-3

2.1.3 CERCLA Section 120 2-5

2.1.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) . 2-6

2.1.5 Department of Defense Explosives Safety Board (DDESB) . 2-8

2.2 Conclusion . 2-9

SOURCES AND RESOURCES . 2-10

DoD and EPA Management Principles for Implementing Response Actions at Closed, Transferring,

and Transferred (CTT) Ranges . 2-15

3.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF MUNITIONS AND EXPLOSIVES OF CONCERN . 3-1

3.1 Overview of Explosives . 3-1

3.1.1 History of Explosives in the United States 3-1

3.1.1.1 Early Development 3-2

3.1.1.2 Developments in the Nineteenth Century . 3-2

3.1.1.3 World War I 3-3

3.1.1.4 The Decades Between the Two World Wars . 3-3

3.1.1.5 World War II . 3-4

3.1.1.6 Modern Era 3-4

3.1.2 Classification of Military Energetic Materials . 3-5

3.1.3 Classification of Explosives 3-7

3.1.3.1 Low Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Propellants, and Practice Ordnance 3-7

3.1.3.2 High Explosives 3-10

3.1.3.3 Incendiaries . 3-11

3.2 Characteristics and Location of MEC . 3-11

3.2.1 Hazards Associated with Common Types of Munitions . 3-11

3.2.2 Areas Where MEC is Found 3-13

3.2.3 Release Mechanisms for MEC . 3-14

3.2.4 Chemical Reactivity of Explosives . 3-15

3.3 Sources and Nature of the Potential Hazards Posed by Conventional Munitions . 3-15

3.3.1 Probability of Detonation as a Function of Fuze Characteristics 3-16

3.3.2 Types of Explosive Hazards 3-18

3.3.3 Factors Affecting Potential for Munitions Exposure to Human Activity 3-19

3.3.4 Depth of MEC . 3-20

3.3.5 Environmental Factors Affecting Decomposition of MEC . 3-21

3.3.6 Explosives-Contaminated Soils 3-23

3.4 Toxicity and Human Health and Ecological Impacts of Explosives and Other Munitions

Constituents . 3-24

3.4.1 Human Health Effects . 3-24

3.4.2 Ecological Effects 3-28

3.4.3 Human and Ecological Effects from Exposure to Specific Compounds . 3-31

3.5 Other Sources of Conventional Munitions Constituents . 3-33

3.5.1 Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) . 3-33

3.5.2 Explosives Manufacturing and Demilitarization . 3-34

3.6 Conclusions . 3-34

SOURCES AND RESOURCES . 3-35

4.0 DETECTION OF UXO AND BURIED MUNITIONS 4-1

4.1 Introduction 4-1

4.2 Selection of the Geophysical Detection System 4-3

4.2.1 Geophysical Sensors in Use Today 4-3

4.2.1.1 Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) . 4-3

4.2.1.2 Magnetometry 4-4

4.2.1.3 Multisensor Systems . 4-4

4.2.1.4 Ground Penetrating Radar . 4-4

4.2.2 Selection of the Geophysical Detection System 4-5

4.2.3 MEC Detection System Components 4-7

4.2.3.1 Positioning Systems . 4-8

4.2.3.2 Anomaly Identification 4-10

4.2.4 Costs of UXO Detection Systems 4-10

4.2.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control . 4-11

4.3 Emerging UXO Detection Systems . 4-11

4.3.1 Advanced EMI Systems 4-11

4.3.2 Airborne Detection . 4-12

4.4 Use of Processing and Modeling To Discriminate UXO 4-14

4.5 MEC Detection Demonstration Programs 4-15

4.5.1 Jefferson Proving Ground Technology Demonstration Program 4-16

4.5.2 Former Fort Ord Ordnance Detection and Discrimination Study (ODDS) 4-18

4.5.3 UXO Technology Standardized Demonstration Sites . 4-19

4.6 Fact Sheets and Case Studies on Detection Technologies and Systems . 4-20

4.7 Conclusion 4-20

SOURCES AND RESOURCES . 4-34

5.0 RESPONSE TECHNOLOGIES 5-1

5.1 Treatment and Disposal of MEC: An Overview 5-3

5.1.1 Safe Handling of MEC 5-6

5.1.2 Render-Safe Procedures . 5-6

5.2 Treatment of MEC . 5-6

5.2.1 Open Detonation 5-6

5.2.2 Open Burning . 5-9

5.2.3 Alternative Treatment Technologies . 5-9

5.2.3.1 Incineration 5-9

5.2.3.2 Contained Detonation Chambers . 5-12

5.3 Treatment of Soils That Contain Reactive and/or Ignitable Compounds 5-13

5.3.1 Biological Treatment Technologies . 5-13

5.3.1.1 Monitored Natural Attenuation 5-14

5.3.1.2 Composting . 5-15

5.3.1.3 Soil Slurry Biotreatment . 5-16

5.3.1.4 In-Situ Chemical and Biological Remediation 5-17

5.3.2 Soil Washing 5-18

5.3.3 Wet Air Oxidation 5-18

5.3.4 Low-Temperature Thermal Desorption 5-19

5.4 Decontamination of Equipment and Scrap . 5-19

5.5 Safe Deactivation of Energetic Materials and Beneficial Use of Byproducts . 5-20

5.6 Conclusion 5-21

SOURCES AND RESOURCES . 5-22

6.0 EXPLOSIVES SAFETY 6-1

6.1 Introduction to DoD Explosives Safety Requirements and the DoD Explosives Safety Board

(DDESB) 6-1

6.2 Explosives Safety Requirements 6-3

6.2.1 General Safety Rules . 6-4

6.2.2 Transportation and Storage Requirements . 6-4

6.2.3 Quantity-Distance (Q-D) Requirements 6-5

6.2.4 Protective Measures for UXO/EOD Personnel . 6-6

6.2.5 Emergency Response and Contingency Procedures . 6-6

6.2.6 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 6-7

6.2.7 Personnel Standards 6-7

6.2.8 Assessment Depths 6-8

6.2.9 Land Use Controls . 6-9

6.3 Managing Explosives Safety 6-10

6.3.1 Site Safety and Health Plans 6-11

6.3.2 Explosives Safety Submissions for Munitions Response Actions 6-12

6.3.3 Explosives Safety Submission Requirements . 6-14

6.3.4 Explosives Safety Plans 6-15

6.4 Public Education About UXO Safety . 6-16

6.5 Conclusion 6-18

SOURCES AND RESOURCES . 6-20

7.0 PLANNING MUNITIONS RESPONSE INVESTIGATIONS . 7-1

7.1 Overview of Elements of Site Characterization 7-2

7.2 Overview of Systematic Planning . 7-3

7.3 Stage 1: Establishing the Goal(s) of the Investigation 7-4

7.3.1 Establishing the Team 7-4

7.3.2 Establishing the Goals of the Site Characterization Process . 7-5

7.4 Stage 2: Preparing for the Investigation: Gathering Information To Design a Conceptual Site

Model and Establishing Sampling and Analysis Objectives . 7-6

7.4.1 The Conceptual Site Model (CSM) 7-6

7.4.2 Assessment of Currently Available Information To Determine Data Needs . 7-7

7.4.2.1 Historical Information on Range Use and Munition Types . 7-7

7.4.2.2 Geophysical and Environmental Information 7-9

7.4.3 Key Components of Munitions-Related CSMs 7-10

7.4.3.1 Developing the CSM 7-10

7.4.3.2 Groundtruthing the CSM . 7-14

7.4.3.3 Documentation of the CSM . 7-15

7.4.4 Preliminary Remediation Goals 7-18

7.4.5 Project Schedule, Milestones, Resources, and Regulatory Requirements 7-20

7.4.5.1 Resources 7-20

7.4.5.2 Regulatory Requirements 7-22

7.4.6 Identification of Remedial Objectives . 7-22

7.4.7 The Data Quality Objectives of the Investigation 7-23

7.4.7.1 Developing DQOs 7-23