Oceans and the law of the sea

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United Nations

2004

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CONTENT

Abbreviations .4

I. Introduction.5

II. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its implementing Agreements 5

A. Status of the Convention and its implementing Agreements 5

B. Declarations and statements under articles 287, 298 and 310 of UNCLOS6

C. Declarations and statements under article 47 of the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks

Agreement7

III. Maritime space8

A. Overview of State practice, maritime claims and the delimitation of maritime zones 10 years

after the entry into force of the Convention 8

B. Issues of general nature concerning maritime spaces10

C. Deposit and due publicity.12

D. Access to and from the sea and freedom of transit13

IV. Institutions established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – review of

developments since 1994 14

A. The International Seabed Authority 14

B. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 16

C. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf 17

V. Capacity Building .20

A. Overview20

B. The importance of capacity-building 21

C. Work of the Secretariat 21

1. UNITAR22

2. Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Memorial Fellowship Programme .22

3. TRAIN-SEA-COAST Programme .23

4. Trust Funds23

D. Work of Other Organizations.24

VI. Developments relating to international shipping activities 25

A. Training of seafarers and labour conditions 25

B. Transport of dangerous goods .26

C. Safety of navigation .27

D. Implementation and enforcement27

E. Places of refuge29

VII. Maritime security and crimes at sea.29

A. Prevention and suppression of acts of terrorism against shipping.29

B. Trafficking in weapons of mass destruction30

C. Piracy and armed robbery against ships 30

D. Smuggling of migrants.31

E. Illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances .32

VIII. The marine environment, marine resources, and sustainable development .32

A. Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment 32

1. Pollution from vessels 32

2. Control of harmful organisms and pathogens in Ballast Water33

3. Waste management34

4. Ship recycling35

5. Regional Cooperation37

B. Conservation and Management of Marine Living Resources .39

1. Fisheries 39

2. Biological diversity .42

IX. New Sustainable Uses of the Oceans, including the conservation and management of the

biological diversity of the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction 43

A. Conservation and Management of the Biological Diversity of the Seabed in Areas beyond

National Jurisdiction43

B. Offshore Energy Generation .50

C. New Minerals and Gas Hydrates.53

X. International Cooperation and Coordination55

A. United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea 55

B. Mechanism for inter-agency cooperation55

C. Regular process for the global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment,

including socio-economic aspects (GMA)56

XI. Conclusions.56

Abbreviations