abs

Survey of Munitions Response Technologies

4,64

204

stron

3925

Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program

2006

rok

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .ES-1

1.0 INTRODUCTION .1-1

1.1 Objective1-1

1.2 Document Structure .1-2

2.0 SITE PREPARATION TECHNOLOGIES. 2-1

2.1 Vegetation Removal.2-1

2.1.1 Controlled Burns 2-4

2.1.2 Implementation Considerations . 2-5

2.2 Surface Clearance 2-6

3.0 MUNITIONS RESPONSE DETECTION TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS . 3-1

3.1 Overview of Munitions Technology . 3-1

3.2 Current State of the Practice—What is used in the field? . 3-2

3.2.1 Munitions Sweep Technology 3-7

3.2.2 Munitions Mapping Technology 3-11

3.2.3 Munitions Reacquisition Technology 3-15

3.3 Munitions-Detection Tools and Equipment. 3-20

3.3.1 Geophysical Sensors 3-21

3.3.1.1 Magnetometers 3-21

3.3.1.2 Electromagnetic Induction 3-23

3.3.1.3 Dual-Sensor Systems 3-25

3.3.2 Survey Platforms 3-26

3.3.2.1 Hand-held Platform. 3-28

3.3.2.2 Man-Portable Platform 3-28

3.3.2.3 Cart-Mounted Platforms . 3-29

3.3.2.4 Towed Arrays 3-30

3.3.2.5 Airborne 3-31

3.3.3 Positioning Equipment. 3-31

3.3.3.1 Laser-Based Systems 3-32

3.3.3.2 Differential GPS 3-32

3.3.3.3 Fiducial Positioning 3-33

3.3.3.4 Ropes Positioning . 3-34

3.3.4 Navigation System. 3-34

3.3.4 Digital Data Processing 3-36

4.0 SOURCE DATA AND METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES 4-1

4.1 Standardized Test Sites . 4-1

4.1.1 Description of the Standardized Test Sites 4-1

4.1.2 Target Emplacement at UXO Standardized Sites 4-2

4.1.3 Scoring Metrics at the Standardized Sites . 4-4

4.1.4 Additional Analysis of the Standardized Test Sites Data 4-5

4.1.4.1 Depth Considerations 4-7

4.1.4.2 Ambiguities. 4-9

4.1.4.3 Inaccessible Targets 4-10

4.1.4.4 Presentation of Results 4-10

4.1.4.5 Failure Analysis 4-11

4.1.5 Additional Metrics . 4-11

4.1.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 4-11

4.2 Geophysical Prove Outs: State of the Practice . 4-12

4.2.1 Performance in the Field—GPO Evaluations 4-13

4.2.2 Characteristics of GPO Design 4-13

4.2.3 GPO Metrics and Analysis. 4-14

5.0 DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES5-1

5.1 Goal, Scope, Limits of this Analysis 5-1

5.2 Theoretical Performance of Commonly Used Sensors 5-1

5.2.1 Magnetometry 5-2

5.2.2 Electromagnetic Induction . 5-2

5.3 Performance at Standard Test Sites 5-4

5.3.1 Blind Grid—Standard Test Sites . 5-4

5.3.2 Open Field—Standard Test Sites. 5-7

5.3.3 Detection by Ordnance Types at the Standard Test Sites 5-10

5.3.3.1 Small ordnance—20 mm 5-10

5.3.3.2 Medium ordnance—60 mm 5-10

5.3.3.3 Large ordnance—155 mm 5-11

5.3.4 Detectability Plots for the Standardized Test Sites 5-11

5.3.5 Individual Miss and Failure Analysis for the Standard Test Sites. 5-20

5.4 Case Studies from Recent Geophysical Surveys and UXO Response Action Projects 5-24

5.4.1 Detection by Ordnance Type—GPOs 5-24

5.4.1.1 Small ordnance—20 mm 5-25

5.4.1.2 Medium ordnance—60 mm 5-25

5.4.1.3 Large Ordnance—155 mm . 5-25

5.4.2 Detectability versus Depth GPOs 5-25

5.4.2.1 20 mm. 5-32

5.4.2.2 Medium and Large Items 5-32

5.4.3 Best and Worst Performers . 5-32

5.4.4 Background Alarm Rate 5-34

6.0 INTERPRETING AND APPLYING DETECTION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE . 6-1

6.1 Summary of Major Conclusions from the Standard Test Site and Geophysical Prove-Out

Analysis 6-2

6.1.1 Detection Sensitivity 6-2

6.1.2 Detecting Targets in an Open Field . 6-2

6.1.3 Detectability Versus Depth by Ordnance Type . 6-3

6.1.3.1 Small ordnance 6-3

6.1.3.2 Medium ordnance . 6-3

6.1.3.3 Large ordnance 6-4

6.1.4 Data Collection and Analysis Procedures Matter 6-4

6.1.5 Electromagnetic Induction versus Magnetometer Instruments 6-4

6.1.6 DGM versus Mag and Flag Processes . 6-5

6.1.7 Translation to Geophysical Prove-Out Results 6-5

6.2 Impact of Major Findings on Munitions Response Projects 6-6

6.3 Implementation Considerations .6-6

6.3.1 Scenario 1—Mortar Range 6-6

6.3.2 Scenario 2—Aerial Gunnery Range 6-10

6.3.3 Scenario 3—Artillery Range 6-12

6.4 Additional Factors to Consider 6-13

7.0 ADVANCED DETECTION AND DISCRIMINATION 7-1

7.1 Detection7-1

7.1.1 Detection Modeling and Algorithm Development 7-3

7.1.2 Advanced Detection Systems Development 7-4

7.2 Discrimination7-5

7.2.1 Discrimination Modeling and Algorithm Development 7-8

7.2.1.1 Model-Based Discrimination 7-8

7.2.1.2. Feature-Based Discrimination 7-9

7.2.2 Advanced Discrimination Systems Development . 7-10

7.2.2.1 Multiaxis Systems. 7-10

7.2.2.2 Dual-Mode Systems 7-11

7.3 Unsuccessful Technologies for Detection and Discrimination 7-13

7.4 Wide-Area Assessment7-15

7.5 Underwater Survey and Response Action . 7-18

8.0 FILLER MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES 8-1

8.1 Nuclear Techniques .8-1

8.2 X-ray Techniques.8-3

8.3 Research and Development Efforts—Acoustic Techniques 8-3

8.4 Munition Cutting and Venting Technologies for Filler Identification. 8-3

9.0 REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES 9-1

9.1 Individual Item Removal .9-1

9.2 Bulk Item Removal 9-1

9.2.1 Bulk Item Removal Technology Examples . 9-2

9.2.2 Safety . 9-3

10.0 DETONATION AND DECONTAMINATION TECHNOLOGIES 10-1

10.1 Detonation Technologies . 10-1

10.1.1 Blow in Place . 10-1

10.1.2 Consolidate and Blow 10-2

10.1.3 Contained Detonation Chambers—Mobile 10-3

10.1.4 Laser Initiation . 10-3

10.2 Decontamination Technologies . 10-4

10.2.1 Shredders and Crushers . 10-5

10.2.2 Shearing Operations. 10-5

10.2.3 Oxyacetylene Cutting Torches. 10-5

10.2.4 Chemical Decontamination . 10-6

10.2.5 Flashing Furnaces 10-6

11.0 REFERENCES 11-1

GLOSSARY .GL-1

ACRONYMS.ACR-1

Appendix A—Standardized Test Site Results A-1

Appendix B—Standardized Test Sites Performance Analysis: Detectability Plots B-1

Appendix C—Munitions Actions Studied.C-1