Status and perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen

1,82

MB

production

167

stron

3950

ID

Dutch Biological Hydrogen Foundation

2003

rok

Contents

Foreword 3

Voorwoord 4

List of contributors 8

1 Introduction: the perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen production 9

J.H. Reith, R.H. Wijffels and H. Barten

1.1 The need for CO2 – neutral energy production 9

1.2 Renewable energy production and the hydrogen economy 10

1.3 The role of biomass and biotechnological processes for renewable energy production 11

1.4 Biotechnological production of bio-methane and bio-hydrogen 11

1.5 The contents of this publication 13

2 Inleiding: de perspectieven van biologische methaan- en waterstofproductie 19

J.H. Reith, R.H. Wijffels en H. Barten

2.1 De noodzaak van CO2 – neutrale energieproductie 19

2.2 Hernieuwbare energieproductie en de waterstofeconomie 20

2.3 De rol van biomassa en biotechnologische processen voor hernieuwbare energieproductie 21

2.4 Biotechnologische productie van bio-methaan en bio-waterstof 21

2.5 De inhoud van deze publicatie 24

3 Methane and hydrogen: on the role of end-use technologies in shaping the infrastructure 29

3.1 Introduction: Evaluation of the full “production to end-use” chain 29

3.2 Future energy carriers and infrastructure 31

3.3 End-use technologies 39

3.4 Policy drivers 47

3.5 Conclusions: the future role of methane and hydrogen as energy carriers and the implications

for bio-methane and bio-hydrogen 53

3.6 Abbreviations 56

3.7 References 56

4 Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes 58

4.1 Introduction 58

4.2 Basic principles of anaerobic digestion 59

4.3 The technology of anaerobic digestion 62

4.4 Waste streams 69

4.5 Utilisation of biogas as a renewable energy source 77

4.6 The economics of anaerobic digestion 79

4.7 International status of anaerobic digestion 86

4.8 Conclusions and perspectives for further development 91

4.9 Abbreviations 92

4.10 References 93

Appendices 95

5 Dark hydrogen fermentations 103

5.1 Introduction 103

5.2 Physiology of dark hydrogen fermentation 103

5.3 Hydrogen producing micro-organisms 104

5.4 Feedstocks for dark hydrogen fermentation 109

5.5 Bioprocess for hydrogen from biomass 113

5.6 Economics for hydrogen from biomass 115

5.7 International status of development 119

5.8 Conclusions and perspectives for further development 120

5.9 References 121

6 Photobiological hydrogen production: Photochemical efficiency and bioreactor design 124

6.1 Introduction 124

6.2 Basic principles of photobiological hydrogen production 125

6.3 Photosynthesis 126

6.4 Photochemical efficiency 129

6.5 Photobioreactors 138

6.6 Economics 141

6.7 International status 142

6.8 Conclusions and perspectives for further development 143

6.9 References 143

7 Summaries of chapters 3 – 6 146

7.1 Methane and hydrogen: on the role of end-use technologies in shaping the infrastructure 146

7.2 Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes 147

7.3 Dark hydrogen fermentations 150

7.4 Photobiological hydrogen production: Photochemical efficiency and bioreactor design 152

8 Samenvattingen van hoofdstukken 3 – 6 156

8.1. Methaan en waterstof: de betekenis van eindgebruikstechieken voor de vormgeving

8.2 Methaanproductie door toepassing van anaërobe vergisting van afvalwater en vast afval 157

8.3 Waterstof fermentaties 160

8.4 Fotobiologische waterstofproductie: Fotochemische efficiëntie en fotobioreactor ontwerp 163