Eco-efficiency and performance strategies in construction and

4,81

MB

demolition waste recycling systems

206

stron

3962

ID

Norwegian University of Science and Technology

2005

rok

Contents

Abstract i

Acknowledgements iii

Contents v

List of ¯gures ix

List of tables xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Research goal and questions . 2

1.2.1 The core goal of this Ph.D. thesis 4

1.3 Multidisciplinary approach . 5

1.4 Scope and positioning 6

1.5 Structure of this thesis 7

2 Theory 9

2.1 The Industrial Ecology foundation for this work 10

2.1.1 Human impact on natural ecosystems . 14

2.1.2 System dynamics . 15

2.1.3 Self-organizing holarctic open (SOHO) systems 17

2.1.4 Industrial systems - the technosphere . 21

2.2 Systems engineering . 22

2.2.1 Systems Engineering Management Process . 24

2.2.2 Systems Engineering Technical Process 24

2.3 Environmental impact 26

2.3.1 Life Cycle Assessment, LCA . 26

2.3.2 The Eco-indicator 99 method of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) . 31

2.3.3 System boundaries and allocation between co-products 33

2.3.4 Eco-eficiency . 35

2.3.5 Recycling systems 38

2.4 Organizations, technology and change . 41

2.4.1 Organizational learning . 42

2.4.2 Systems thinking . 44

2.4.3 Actor network theory 46

2.4.4 Policy success in terms of Industrial Ecology- the analytical framework 49

2.5 The Construction and Demolition waste handling system 52

2.5.1 Laws and Regulations concerning C&D waste . 53

2.5.2 Measures of e®ectiveness . 54

2.5.3 Economic activities in the C&D waste systems 55

2.5.4 Environmental impact from C&D waste systems . 56

3 Methods 63

3.1 Systems engineering approach 64

3.2 Understanding the system 65

3.2.1 Collecting information and data 66

3.2.2 Interviews . 66

3.2.3 Describing the system as an actor network . 68

3.2.4 Measuring e®ectiveness . 70

3.3 Calculations and modeling 72

3.3.1 Projection of future waste generation 72

3.3.2 Waste handling and environmental impact . 78

3.3.3 Economic data 80

3.3.4 Sensitivity analysis 81

3.3.5 Eco-Eficiency in recycling systems . 82

4 Results 87

4.1 Case 1: The \Copenhagen system" . 88

4.1.1 Application of policy instruments 89

4.1.2 Facilitating changes in target group behavior . 90

4.1.3 Shifting focus . 91

4.1.4 Knowledge and motivation . 92

4.1.5 Policy instrument . 94

4.2 Case 2: The \Oslo system" . 95

4.2.1 Application of policy instruments 95

4.2.2 Facilitating creation and transfer ofknowledge among stakeholders 97

4.2.3 Programme impact 98

4.3 Case 3: Long term C&D waste handling strategies 102

4.3.1 Projection of future C&D waste 102

4.3.2 Eco-eficiency and waste management optimization 104

4.4 Recycling and transport distances . 109

5 Analysis and synthesis 111

5.1 Actor network, policies and organizational learning 111

5.1.1 The actor network and organizational learning 112

5.1.2 Policies 115

5.1.3 About \lock-ins" . 119

5.2 Waste projection . 122

5.3 Eco-eficiency . 123

5.3.1 Recycling of renewable versus non-renewable materials 124

5.3.2 Eco-eficiency and the recycling targets of NAP 2005 . 125

6 Conclusion and recommendations 127

6.1 Conclusion 128

6.2 Recommendations . . 128

7 Suggested future work 131

References 133

A Terminology and de¯nitions I

B Interview Guide V

C Paper 1 VII

D Paper 2 XXV