| | TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND |
| | 1,21 | | MB | MANAGEMENT OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT WASTES |
| | 102 | | stron |
| | 397 | | ID | SENES Consultants Limited |
| | 2002 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | FOREWORD AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSE-1 |
| | EXECUTIVE SUMMARYE-2 |
| | 1.0 INTRODUCTION..1-1 |
| | 1.1 Project Objectives1-1 |
| | 1.2 Background.1-2 |
| | 1.3 Overview of POPs1-4 |
| | 1.3.1 Intentionally-produced POPs - on Annex A..1-5 |
| | 1.3.1.1 Aldrin.1-5 |
| | 1.3.1.2 Chlordane1-6 |
| | 1.3.1.3 Dieldrin.1-7 |
| | 1.3.1.4 Endrin1-7 |
| | 1.3.1.5 Heptachlor..1-8 |
| | 1.3.1.6 Mirex..1-8 |
| | 1.3.1.7 Toxaphene1-9 |
| | 1.3.1.8 HCB – An Industrial Chemical and a Pesticide1-10 |
| | 1.3.1.9 PCBs1-10 |
| | 1.3.2 Intentionally Produced POPs on Annex B1-11 |
| | 1.3.2.1 DDT.1-11 |
| | 1.3.3 Unintentionally-produced POPs - Industrial Waste By-Products on Annex C.1-12 |
| | 1.3.3.1 Dioxins and Furans..1-12 |
| | 1.3.3.2 PCBs and HCB..1-13 |
| | 1.4 POPs Wastes Generators1-13 |
| | 1.5 Scope and Methodology1-18 |
| | 2.0 BASEL AND STOCKHOLM CONVENTIONS2-1 |
| | 2.1 Basel Convention.2-1 |
| | 2.2 Stockholm Convention..2-3 |
| | 2.3 Basel and Stockholm Conventions Interrelationships..2-4 |
| | 3.0 ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT..3-1 |
| | 3.1 Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) Principles.3-1 |
| | 3.2 Steps for Identification and Characterisation.3-2 |
| | 3.2.1 Identification and Characterisation of Pesticide Wastes..3-2 |
| | 3.2.2 Identification and Characterisation of PCB Wastes3-4 |
| | 3.2.3 Identification and Characterisation of HCB Wastes..3-8 |
| | 3.2.5 Typical Sampling Procedures:3-10 |
| | 3.3 Handling, Storage and Transportation3-11 |
| | 3.3.1 Storage of POPs wastes in warehouses/ sheds3-11 |
| | 3.3.2 Handling and transportation.3-13 |
| | 33212 - DRAFT – October 2002 i SENES Consultants Limited Technical Guidelines for |
| | Environmentally Sound Management of Persistent Organic Pollutants Wastes |
| | 3.3.3 Disposal of Pesticide Containers..3-14 |
| | 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF POPS |
| | WASTES4-1 |
| | 4.1 Background.4-1 |
| | 4.2 Management of POPs Wastes – Requirements, Concerns, and Criteria for Performance and |
| | Evaluation..4-1 |
| | 4.3 Technologies for POPs Waste Management..4-3 |
| | 4.4 Technologies for the Destruction and/or Irreversible Transformation of POPs Wastes 4-5 |
| | 4.4.1 Incineration.4-6 |
| | 4.4.1.1 Hazardous Waste Incinerators..4-6 |
| | 4.4.1.2 Cement Kilns.4-7 |
| | 4.4.2 Gas Phase Chemical Reduction (GPCR).4-8 |
| | 4.4.3 Electrochemical Oxidation..4-9 |
| | 4.4.4 Molten Materials Processes.4-10 |
| | 4.4.5 Solvated Electron Technology4-12 |
| | 4.4.6 Plasma Arc Systems.4-14 |
| | 4.4.7 Chemical Dehalogenation Processes..4-15 |
| | 4.4.7.1 Base-Catalysed Decomposition.4-15 |
| | 4.4.7.2 Glycolate/Alkaline Polyethylene Glycol..4-16 |
| | 4.5 Technologies for the Sequestration of POPs Wastes.4-17 |
| | 4.5.1 Engineered Landfills4-17 |
| | 4.5.2 Long Term Storage..4-18 |
| | 4.5.3 Deep Well Injection.3-18 |
| | 4.5.4 In-situ Vitrification..4-20 |
| | 4.6 Pre-treatment Technologies for the Concentration of POPs Wastes.4-21 |
| | 4.6.1 Electro-osmosis..4-21 |
| | 4.6.2 Thermal Desorption.4-22 |
| | 4.6.3 Low-temperature Rinsing and Materials Recovery for electrical equipment contaminated with |
| | PCBs4-22 |
| | 4.7 Other Technologies..4-23 |
| | 4.7.1 Bioremediation4-23 |
| | 4.7.2 Phytoremediation..4-24 |
| | Technologies Under Development..4-25 |
| | 4.8 Selection of Environmentally Sound Disposal Methods..4-25 |
| | 4.9 Opportunities for 3R’s (reuse, recover and recycle)4-27 |
| | 5.0 ESTABLISHING APPROPRIATE CONCENTRATION LEVELS5-1 |
| | REFERENCES CITED:B-1 |
| | BIBLIOGRAPHY..B-7 |