Economic Evaluation of Emission Reduction of Greenhouse

0,35

MB

Gases in the Energy Supply Sector in the EU

78

stron

4002

ID

Ecofys BV

2003

rok

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. OPTIONS TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE ENERGY SUPPLY SECTOR. 2

2.1 Introduction 2

2.2 Emissions in EU-15 . 3

2.3 Methodology 4

2.3.1 Substitution 6

2.3.2 Renewable energy sources .8

2.3.3 CHP in the industry, residential and services sector .15

2.3.4 Carbon dioxide removal.22

2.4 Petroleum Refineries. 26

2.4.1 Description.26

2.4.2 Options to improve the energy efficiency 26

2.4.3 Summary table emission reduction options.29

3. OPTIONS TO REDUCE N2O EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION. 30

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Emissions. 30

3.2.1 Emission mechanisms .30

3.2.2 Emissions in EU-15 .32

3.3 Emission reduction options . 35

3.3.1 Introduction to the measures .35

3.3.2 Options to reduce emissions associated with fluidised bed combustion.35

3.4 Frozen technology reference case 37

3.5 Aggregation of options. 39

3.6 Summary table emission reduction options 39

4. FROZEN TECHNOLOGY REFERENCE LEVEL. 40

5. CONCLUSIONS. 41

REFERENCES. 45

ANNEX 1. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS. 1

ANNEX 2: RENEWABLE ENERGY OPTIONS . 1

1 Introduction 2

2 Methodology 3

3 Renewable energy technologies (RET) . 6

3.1 Wind-energy.6

3.2 Hydro-energy .8

3.3 Solar Energy 9

3.4 Wave and Tidal energy15

3.5 Ambient energy16

3.6 Geothermal energy 16

3.7 Biomass energy .18

ANNEX 3. EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF SPECIFIC COSTS . 1

REFERENCES. 22