Using the market for cost-effective environmental policy

3,38

MB

48

stron

4021

ID

European Environment Agency

2006

rok

Contents

Preface .

Executive summary.

Introduction — why do we need market-based instruments for cost-effective environmental policy?.

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2 Market-based instruments: what are they, what drives them, what inhibits their use?. .

2.1 Definitions. .

2.2 What drives market-based instruments?.

2.2.1 Guiding principles. .

2.2.2 Drivers at the EU level.

2.2.3 International agreements.

2.2.4 Revenues and the 'double dividend'.

2.3 What inhibits the use of market-based instruments?. .

2.3.1 Competitiveness.

2.3.2 Income distribution.

2.3.3 Other barriers.

3 Emissions trading: break-through of a market-based instrument

3.1 The EU trading system for greenhouse gas emissions (EUETS). .

3.1.1 The new system is 'cap-and-trade'. .

3.1.2 Allowances are 'grandfathered'. .

3.1.3 Banking and borrowing?.

3.1.4 Monitoring and enforcement.

3.1.5 Evaluation. .

3.2 National trading systems. .

3.2.1 CO2 trading. .

3.2.2 Tradable fish quota. .

3.2.3 NOX trading

3.2.4 Trading in the waste sector.

3.3 Concluding remarks.

4 Environmental taxes and charges, environmental fiscal reform. .

4.1 Background. .

4.2 New developments. .

4.2.1 Overview of tax bases. .

4.2.2 Internalising the external costs of road transport .

4.2.3 Environmental taxes and climate change. .

4.2.4 Taxes, charges and deposits in waste management. .

4.2.5 Environmental fiscal reform. .

4.2.6 Concluding remarks.

5 Subsidies and subsidy reform.

5.1 Subsidy reform.

5.2 Environmentally-motivated subsidies.

5.2.1 EU funds. .

5.2.2 National subsidy schemes

5.3 Concluding remarks.

6 Liability and compensation: a new regime. .

6.1 EU-wide and national schemes. .

6.2 Possible consequences of liability schemes. .

6.3 Concluding remarks.

References. .