MARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN WELL-BEING

4,06

MB

80

stron

4055

ID

United Nations Environment Programme

2006

rok

CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Preface iv

Reader’s Guide vi

Acknowledgements vii

Key Messages viii

Summary 1

1 What is the current status of marine and coastal ecosystems and their services 7

Introduction 7

Ecosystem Services from Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 7

Habitat and Biodiversity Loss 18

Gaps in Knowledge of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 20

2 What are the drivers of change in marine and coastal ecosystems? 22

Drivers of Change in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 22

Direct Drivers of Change in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 22

Indirect Drivers of Change in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 27

3 Why should we care about the loss or degradation of marine and coastal ecosystems and their

services? 29

Human Well-being and Ecosystem Services 29

Basic Materials for a Good Life 30

Human Health 33

Good Social Relations 34

Security 35

Trade-offs between Conservation and Other Priorities 35

Gaps in Understanding regarding Human Well-being 36

A Look at the Future: The Four MA Scenarios 37

4 What can be done about the loss of marine and coastal ecosystems and their services? 42

Introduction 42

Response Options 42

Evaluating Policy Responses 52

Tools for Policy Options 53

Policy Response Gaps 53

Appendix 1 A Selection of International Mechanisms in the Marine and Coastal Area 55

Appendix 2 Chapters in the Main MA Volumes 56

Appendix 3 Other Useful Resources 58

Appendix 4 Glossary of Terms 60

Appendix 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms 64