Risks and Benefits of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases in

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MB

Processes and Products under Special Consideration of the

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stron

Properties Intrinsic to the Substance

4141

ID

Federal Environmental Agency, Germany

2004

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Table of contents

SUMMARY I

1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYI

2 METHODOLOGY II

3 PRODUCTION, APPLICATION, DISPOSAL III

4 FLUORINATED GHG IN THE ENVIRONMENT .VI

5 APPLICATION EXAMPLES.VI

6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOKXI

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 DEDUCTION OF EVALUATION APPROACH. 3

2.1 PROBLEM. 3

2.2 BACKGROUND . 3

2.3 MODELS OF A SUSTAINABLE SUBSTANCE POLICY 3

2.3.1 The precautionary principle . 5

2.3.2 Risk and Uncertainty 6

2.4 PROCEDURE FOR THE RISK ASSESSMENT IN THIS STUDY. 7

2.4.1 Weighting . 9

3 MANUFACTURE, APPLICATION AND DISPOSAL 11

3.1 LIFECYCLE. 11

3.1.1 Overview: . 11

3.1.2 Application 12

3.1.3 Production 14

3.1.4 Disposal . 17

3.2 EMISSION PROGNOSIS 18

3.3 SUMMARY . 21

4 FLUORINATED GHG IN THE ENVIRONMENT . 23

4.1 DECOMPOSITION IN THE ATMOSPHERE 23

4.1.1 Main decomposition paths 23

4.1.2 Destination of decomposition products. 28

4.2 EFFECT CATEGORY ‚ENVIRONMENT’ 31

4.2.1 Greenhouse effect 31

4.2.2 Stratospheric decomposition of ozone. 32

4.2.3 Photo-chemical formation of ozone 34

4.2.4 Environmental toxicity . 35

4.2.5 Acidification 37

4.2.6 Eutrophication 37

4.2.7 Use of nature space, noise and emission of radioactive isotopes . 37

4.3 EFFECT CATEGORIES ‚MAN’ . 37

4.3.1 Toxicity to humans. 38

4.3.2 Flammability . 39

4.4 DATA AVAILABILITY . 40

4.5 SPECIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS 40

4.6 OUTLOOK TO APPLICATION EXAMPLES . 42

5 APPLICATION A- PU RIGID FOAM . 43

5.1 INTRODUCTION ON THE INSULATION PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT BLOWING AGENTS

43

5.2 PU FOAM ROOF INSULATION PANELS WITH N-PENTANE AND HFC-365MFC 44

5.2.1 A remark on the disposal 44

5.2.2 Modelling of the system: Aluminium-coated PU insulation panel as a reference system. 45

5.2.3 Start data for analysis of the roof insulation panel 46

5.2.4 Balance of the standard case for n-pentane and HFC-365 mfc 50

5.2.5 Sensitivity analysis : CO2 balance under variation of different parameters 52

5.2.6 Summary. 56

5.3 INSULATION OF REFRIGERATED VEHICLES WITH CYCLOPENTANE AND HFC-365MFC 57

5.3.1 Introduction 57

5.3.2 Basic data for analysis refrigerated vehicles. 59

5.3.3 Balance standard case . 63

5.3.4 Sensitivity analysis: CO2-balance at variation of different parameters 66

5.3.5 Summary. 73

5.4 OUTLOOK 75

6 APPLICATION B: SUPERMARKET REFRIGERATION (INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM) 76

6.1 INTRODUCTION . 76

6.1.1 Grocery 76

6.1.2 Refrigeration systems in grocery stores 77

6.2 REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY 80

6.2.1 Choice of refrigerant 80

6.2.2 Model technologies 81

6.3 REFERENCE MARKET . 82

6.4 RELEVANCE OF EMISSIONS FOR GERMANY . 84

6.5 MODELLING. 85

6.6 STANDARD CASE. 87

6.7 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 89

6.8 SUMMARY . 92

7 SUMMARIZING EVALUATION AND DISCUSSION. 94

7.1 EVALUATION MATRIX FOR INTRINSIC SUBSTANCE PROPERTIES 94

7.2 SUMMARY: INTRINSIC SUBSTANCE PROPERTIES 98

7.3 EVALUATION IN THE APPLICATION EXAMPLES 98

7.3.1 Application examples PU rigid foam 99

7.3.2 Application example supermarket refrigeration 101

7.3.3 Application examples: weighting of effect categories 105

7.3.4 Transferability . 107

7.4 OPEN QUESTIONS 107

7.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK. 108

8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 110

9 ABBREVIATIONS. 111

10 REFERENCES. 112

11 APPENDIX: BACKGROUND ON EVALUATION APPROACH 121

11.1 RISK ASSESSMENT . 121

11.1.1 Risk assessment within the framework of EU chemical substance legislation 121

11.1.2 Terms: Risk, Uncertainty and Nescience 122

11.1.3 Approaches to a precaution-oriented risk assessment of substances 124

11.2 WEIGHTING OF EFFECT CATEGORIES 127