Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs): Review of

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Emerging Characterization and Remediation Technologies

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stron

4166

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Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council

2003

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . iii

1.0 BACKGROUND 1

1.1 The Problem of DNAPL Spreading . 1

1.2 Problems of DNAPL Detection and Elimination . 1

1.3 DNAPL Terminology . 2

2.0 EMERGING CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES 3

2.1 Geophysical Technologies 3

2.1.1 Ground Penetrating Radar 4

2.1.2 Cross-Well Radar . 6

2.1.3 Electrical Resistance Tomography 7

2.1.4 Vertical Induction Profiling 8

2.1.5 High Resolution 3-D Seismic Reflection . 10

2.1.6 High Resolution Electromagnetic Resistivity Survey 12

2.2 Direct Push Technologies . 13

2.2.1 Soil Probing/Cone Penetrometer-Based Technologies . 14

2.2.2 Ribbon NAPL Sampler 16

2.3 In Situ Tracers . 18

2.3.1 Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test (PITT) 18

2.3.2 Radon-222 . 21

2.3.3 Multiphase Multicomponent Equilibrium Partitioning Software for Soil Sample Analysis 22

3.0 EMERGING REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES . 25

3.1 In Situ Flushing . 25

3.2 Dynamic Underground Stripping 29

3.3 Six-Phase Heating™ . 34

3.4 In Situ Chemical Oxidation 36

3.4.1 Potassium Permanganate/KMnO 37 4

3.4.2 Hydrogen Peroxide/H O 41 2 2

3.4.3 Ozone/O 45 3

3.4.4 Safety Considerations . 47

4.0 STAKEHOLDER CONCERNS 48

4.1 The Six Principles . 49

4.2 Specific Comments on DNAPLs and Remediation Technologies 49

5.0 CONCLUSIONS . 51

6.0 REFERENCES . 53

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Acronyms A-1

APPENDIX B Summary of Tribal and Stakeholder Principles . B-1

APPENDIX C ITRC Contacts, ITRC Fact Sheet, ITRC Product List, and Document Evaluation

Survey . C-1