Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source

2,81

MB

Zone Remedies

206

stron

4170

ID

Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council

2004

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION . 1

1.1 Problem Statement . 1

1.2 Scope of Document 1

1.3 Defining Performance Assessment 2

1.4 Goals and Outcomes of Performance Assessment . 4

2.0 THE CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL AND DNAPL ZONE DYNAMICS . 7

2.1 Key Concepts Relating to DNAPLs . 7

2.2 Changes in DNAPL Zone Resulting from Treatment . 12

2.3 Addressing Rebound 16

2.4 Difficulty Treating and Assessing Performance at Complex DNAPL Sites 17

3.0 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES . 19

3.1 Defining Performance Goals and Metrics 20

3.2 Developing a Strategy for Completion and Optimization 23

3.3 Data Quality Considerations 24

3.4 Keeping an Eye Toward Site Closure . 28

4.0 QUANTIFYING PERFORMANCE WITH FIELD METRICS . 29

4.1 Categories of Performance Metrics . 33

4.2 Estimates of Source Treatment Progress . 35

4.3 Estimates of Source Mass Reduction 45

4.4 Estimates of Source Treatment Impact 50

5.0 TECHNOLOGY-SPECIFIC MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS . 57

5.1 Remedial Effectiveness and System Efficiency Monitoring 58

5.2 Conventional Source Zone Remedies . 58

5.3 Thermally Enhanced Remediation 61

5.4 Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing . 67

5.5 In Situ Chemical Oxidation . 69

5.6 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 73

6.0 OTHER ISSUES . 76

6.1 Health and Safety . 76

6.2 Decision Support: Forecasting Performance 77

6.3 Regulatory Concerns 80

6.4 Stakeholder/Public Involvement . 82

7.0 REFERENCES 84

APPENDICES

Appendix A. List of Acronyms

Appendix B. Case Studies

Appendix C. Role of Pilot Tests and Technology Demonstrations

Appendix D. Statistical Approaches to Evaluating Performance

Appendix E. Responses to Comments

Appendix F. DNAPLs Team Contacts, ITRC Fact Sheet, and Product List