Safety Issues with Hydrogen as a Vehicle Fuel

0,32

MB

78

stron

4172

ID

Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company

2000

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT . iii

SUMMARY . iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v

ACRONYMS . vi

1. Introduction . 1

2. Hydrogen properties 8

2.1 Gaseous hydrogen 8

2.2 Cryogenic hydrogen . 10

3. Hydrogen phenomenology . 18

3.1 Fire . 19

3.2 Deflagration 21

3.3 Detonation 24

3.4 Bounding probabilities . 26

4. Hydrogen handling and operations 33

4.1 Accidents . 33

4.1.1 Airships 33

4.1.2 Chemical industry 41

4.1.3 Power plants 42

4.1.4 Aerospace operations . 44

4.1.5 DOE 45

4.1.6 Other events 45

4.2 Operating experiences . 47

4.3 Summary . 51

5. Codes, standards and regulations for safety . 57

5.1 Hydrogen handling 57

5.2 Hydrogen fueling . 65

5.3 Summary 66

6. Conclusions 69