Permeable Reactive Barriers: Lessons Learned/New Directions

1,97

MB

202

stron

4176

ID

Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council

2005

rok

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . iii

1. INTRODUCTION AND DOCUMENT SCOPE.1

1.1 Permeable Reactive Barrier Team2

1.2 PRB Definition and Application 2

1.3 Purpose5

1.4 Report Organization .6

1.5 Previous PRB Documents 7

2. TREATMENT PROCESSES AND REACTIVE MEDIA8

2.1 Treatment Processes.8

2.2 Treatment Materials .14

2.3 Iron-Based PRBs for Chlorinated Solvents15

2.4 Iron-Based PRBs for Treatment of Metals in Groundwater 17

2.5 Non-Iron-Based PRBs19

2.6 Sequenced Treatment .29

2.7 Deployment Tables 31

3. SITE CHARACTERIZATION OF PRB SYSTEMS37

3.1 Conceptual Site Framework.37

3.2 Hydrogeologic Data .39

3.3 Contaminant Plume(s)44

3.4 Geochemical Data 44

3.5 Microbial Data45

3.6 Dissolved Gases .45

3.7 Geotechnical Characterization .46

3.8 Analytical/Sampling Methods49

3.9 Data Management 50

3.10 Triad .51

4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION .52

4.1 PRB Design 53

4.2 PRB Construction.55

4.3 Lessons Learned from PRB Design and Construction.57

4.4 Summary of Lessons Learned for PRB Design and Construction .60

5. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT .61

5.1 Hydraulic Assessment 61

5.2 Geochemical Assessment.61

5.3 Microbiological Assessment 66

6. REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS.67

6.1 Permitting .67

6.2 Monitoring.71

6.3 Other Regulatory Issues .81

7. USE OF IRON-BASED REACTIVE MEDIA FOR SOURCE TREATMENT.86

7.1 Gas Atomized Injection of Iron Slurry (FeroxSM Process).88

7.2 Mixing with a Stabilizing Agent 89

7.3 Mixing with Steam and Iron Injection .90

7.4 Hydraulic Based Injection of Nanoscale Iron 91

7.5 Mixing with Backfill Material91

7.6 Injection of Emulsified Zero-Valent Iron.91

8. HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS92

8.1 Applicable Health and Safety Regulatory Requirements.93

8.2 The Role of the Health and Safety Plan .93

8.3 Health and Safety Considerations at PRB Sites .94

9. STAKEHOLDER INPUT95

10. COST 96

10.1 Cost Factors97

10.2 Cost Evaluation 98

10.3 Site-Specific Costs .100

11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 102

12. REFERENCES 104

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Acronyms

Appendix B. Additional Resources

Appendix C. Material Safety and Technical Data Sheets for Busan 1059 and Troysan 142

Appendix D. American Society of Testing and Materials Geotechnical Testing Methods

Appendix E. PRB Case Studies

Appendix F. Source Area Treatment Technology Case Studies

Appendix G. Response to Review Comments

Appendix H. PRB Team Contacts, ITRC Fact Sheet and Product List