Externalities of Energy: METHODOLOGY ANNEXES

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Directorate-General for the Environment, European Commission

1998

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ANNEXES

APPENDIX I: THE ECOSENSE MODEL 1

1. INTRODUCTION. 1

2. SCOPE OF THE ECOSENSE MODEL 1

3. THE ECOSENSE MODULES 2

4. THE AIR QUALITY MODELS INTEGRATED IN ECOSENSE. 4

APPENDIX II: ANALYSIS OF HEALTH EFFECTS 9

1. INTRODUCTION. 9

2. NON-CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS 9

3. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS. 16

4. CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS OF DIOXINS AND TRACE METALS 26

5. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ISSUES (DISEASE AND ACCIDENTS) 33

6. ACCIDENTS AFFECTING MEMBERS OF THE PUBLIC. 35

APPENDIX III: AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON MATERIALS 40

1. INTRODUCTION. 40

2. STOCK AT RISK DATA 40

3. METEOROLOGICAL, ATMOSPHERIC AND BACKGROUND POLLUTION DATA 41

4. IDENTIFICATION OF DOSE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS 41

5. CALCULATION OF REPAIR FREQUENCY. 44

6. ESTIMATION OF ECONOMIC DAMAGE (REPAIR COSTS) . 45

7. ESTIMATION OF SOILING COSTS. 46

8. UNCERTAINTIES 47

APPENDIX IV: ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS 50

1. INTRODUCTION. 50

2. AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON CROPS 50

3. MODELLING AIR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO FORESTS. 57

4. ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION AND CRITICAL LOADS EXCEEDENCE. 60

APPENDIX V: ASSESSMENT OF GLOBAL WARMING DAMAGES. 62

1. INTRODUCTION. 62

2. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 63

3. DISCOUNTING DAMAGES OVER PROTRACTED TIMESCALES 63

4. RESULTS. 65

5. CONCLUSIONS 67

APPENDIX VI: FURTHER ANALYTICAL DETAILS. 70

APPENDIX VII: VALUATION ISSUES. 73

1. INTRODUCTION. 73

2. TECHNIQUES. 73

3. CATEGORIES OF VALUE 74

4. TRANSFERABILITY OF VALUATION DATA 75

5. ESTIMATION OF UNCERTAIN AND RISKY PHENOMENA 76

6. DISCOUNTING. 76

APPENDIX VIII: UNCERTAINTY AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 87

1. INTRODUCTION. 87

2. ANALYSIS OF STATISTICAL UNCERTAINTY 88

3. KEY UNCERTAINTIES . 90

4. KEY SENSITIVITIES 92

5. CONCLUSIONS 95