METHODS OF ASSESSING RISK TO HEALTH FROM EXPOSURE TO

0,09

MB

HAZARDS RELEASED FROM WASTE LANDFILLS

33

stron

4210

ID

World Health Organization

2001

rok

CONTENTS

1. Introduction. 1

2. Scope and purpose 1

3. Summary of discussion 2

4. Guidelines for assessing exposure to hazards released from waste sites 3

4.1 A framework for assessing exposure. 3

4.2 Site characterization and determination of concentration of contaminants 4

4.3 Characterizing the population . 8

4.4 Establishment of a completed exposure pathway. 8

4.5 Estimating the exposure. 9

5. Epidemiological investigations10

5.1 When epidemiological investigations should be carried out .10

5.2 The type of epidemiological study to be carried out 10

5.3 Minimum data requirements for good quality epidemiological studies .12

5.4 The use of biomarkers of health effects13

6. Recommendations.13

7. References .14

8. Additional useful reading and websites15

9. Glossary of key terms 15

Annex 1 Participants 16

Annex 2 Summary of presentations .18

Annex 3 Methods of assessment of exposure .22

Annex 4 Epidemiological study designs.24

Annex 5 Biological monitoring in studies of waste sites .