The National Implementation of the ExternE Accounting

0,41

MB

Framework The Austrian Case Study

120

stron

4218

ID

European Commission Directorate-General for Research

1998

rok

CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 Objectives of the ExternE National Implementation Project 7

1.2 Description of the country 8

1.2.1 The economic situation in 1996 8

1.2.2 The environmental situation in 1996 9

1.2.3 The energetic situation in 1996 10

1.2.4 Energy savings and efficient energy use 11

1.2.5 Oil substitution, renewable sources of energy, environmental aspects 12

1.2.6 Reasons for the structural change 13

1.2.7 Focal points of future energy policy 13

2 METHODOLOGY 15

2.1 Approaches Used for Externality Analysis 15

2.2 Guiding Principles in the Development of the ExternE Methodology 17

2.3 Defining the Boundaries of the Analysis 18

2.3.1 Stages of the fuel chain 18

2.3.2 Location of fuel chain activities 19

2.3.3 Identification of fuel chain technologies 20

2.3.4 Identification of fuel chain burdens 20

2.3.5 Identification of impacts 21

2.3.6 Valuation criteria 21

2.3.7 Spatial limits of the impact analysis 22

2.3.8 Temporal limits of the impact analysis 22

2.4 Analysis of Impact Pathways 23

2.4.1 Prioritisation of impacts 23

2.4.2 Description of priority impact pathways 25

2.4.3 Quantification of burdens 28

2.4.4 Description of the receiving environment 29

2.4.5 Quantification of impacts 30

2.4.6 Economic valuation 32

2.4.7 Assessment of uncertainty 32

2.5 Priority Impacts Assessed in the ExternE Project 33

2.5.1 Fossil technologies 33

2.5.2 Nuclear technologies 34

2.5.3 Renewable technologies 34

2.5.4 Related issues 35

2.6 International standardisation guideline (ISO) 35

2.6.1 The Fuel Cycle by ISO 36

2.6.2 The Input/Output Flows at each Stage of the Fuel Cycle 36

2.6.3 Approach to Burden Calculation 39

2.7 Summary 40

3 NATURAL GAS FUEL CYCLE 42

3.1 Technology description, the elements of the Natural Gas Fuel Cycle 42

3.1.1 Scope of the analysis 42

3.1.2 Natural gas production 44

3.1.3 Natural gas processing I 45

3.1.4 Natural gas transportation 45

3.1.5 Natural gas processing II 47

3.1.6 Natural gas storage 47

3.1.7 Natural gas processing III 48

3.1.8 Natural gas transportation 48

3.1.9 Natural gas transformation (in power plant) 48

3.1.10 Summary of characteristics of the Natural Gas Fuel Cycle 50

3.2 Burdens of the Natural Gas Fuel Cycle 53

3.3 Primary Impact Pathway 59

3.4 Quantification of Impacts and Burdens 60

3.5 Summary and interpretation of results 63

4 BIOMASS FUEL CYCLE 64

4.1 Technology description, the elements of the Biomass Fuel Cycle 64

4.1.1 Scope of the analysis 64

4.1.2 Wood Cultivation and Harvesting 66

4.1.3 Wood Transport 66

4.1.4 Fuel Processing 66

4.1.5 Fuel Storage 66

4.1.6 Fuel Transformation 67

4.1.7 Summary of technical characteristics of the Biomass Fuel Cycle 69

4.2 Burdens of the Biomass Fuel Cycle 73

4.2.1 Summary of environmental effects of the Biomass Fuel Cycle 79

4.2.2 Allocation of Burdens from Heat and Power Production 84

4.3 Primary Impact Pathway 86

4.4 Quantification of Impacts and Burdens 88

4.4.1 The Application of the Model EcoSense 88

4.5 Summary and interpretation of results 90

5 HYDROPOWER FUEL CYCLE 95

5.1 Technology description, the elements of the Hydropower Fuel Cycle 95

5.1.1 Scope of the analysis 95

5.1.2 Summary of technical characteristics of the Hydropower Plant 97

5.2 Impact pathways 98

5.3 Selection of priority impacts 100

5.4 Quantification of Impacts, Damages and Benefits 104

5.4.1 External costs of occupational accidents 105

5.4.2 Protection against flooding 106

5.4.3 Navigation and shipping 107

5.4.4 Recreation, leisure and tourism 108

5.5 Summary and interpretation of results 109

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 112

7 REFERENCES 114