EXTERNE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION: DENMARK

0,75

MB

128

stron

4221

ID

Technical University of Denmark

1998

rok

CONTENTS

0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. 11

0.1 Introduction 11

0.1.1 Background and objectives 11

0.1.2 The Danish national implementation 13

0.2 Methodology 15

0.3 Overview of the fuel cycles assessed 16

0.3.1 Natural gas fuel cycle 16

0.3.2 Biogas fuel cycle . 17

0.3.3 Wind fuel cycle 18

0.4 Aggregation 19

0.5 Conclusion 20

1. INTRODUCTION 22

1.1 Objectives of the project 23

1.2 Publications from the project. 23

1.3 Structure of this report 24

1.4 The Danish National Implementation. 24

1.4.1 Description of the country . 24

1.4.2 Overview of the Danish energy sector 25

2. METHODOLOGY. 28

2.1 Approaches Used for Externality Analysis . 28

2.2 Guiding Principles in the Development of the ExternE Methodology . 30

2.3 Defining the Boundaries of the Analysis 31

2.3.1 Stages of the fuel chain 31

2.3.2 Location of fuel chain activities . 32

2.3.3 Identification of fuel chain technologies . 33

2.3.4 Identification of fuel chain burdens 33

2.3.5 Identification of impacts 34

2.3.6 Valuation criteria. 34

2.3.7 Spatial limits of the impact analysis 35

2.3.8 Temporal limits of the impact analysis 35

2.4 Analysis of Impact Pathways . 36

2.4.1 Prioritisation of impacts. 36

2.4.2 Description of priority impact pathways. 38

2.4.3 Quantification of burdens. 40

2.4.4 Description of the receiving environment . 41

2.4.5 Quantification of impacts. 42

2.4.6 Economic valuation . 43

2.4.7 Assessment of uncertainty . 44

2.5 Priority Impacts Assessed in the ExternE Project. 45

2.5.1 Fossil technologies 45

2.5.2 Nuclear technologies . 45

2.5.3 Renewable technologies. 46

2.5.4 Related issues 46

2.6 Summary. 46

3. THE NATURAL GAS FUEL CYCLE 48

3.1 Technology description . 48

3.1.1 The natural gas fuel cycle 48

3.1.2 The CHP plant 51

3.1.3 Site description 52

3.2 Overview of burdens related to the natural gas fuel cycle. 53

3.3 Selection of priority impacts 54

3.4 Quantification of impacts and damages 56

3.4.1 Global warming effects of greenhouse gas emissions in relation to power generation. 56

3.4.2 Effects of atmospheric pollution in relation to power generation 57

3.4.3 Occupational and public accidents in relation to the whole fuel cycle 59

3.4.4 Emissions to the marine environment. 60

3.4.5 Impacts specific to gas storage 61

3.4.6 Visual intrusion . 61

3.4.7 Effects of land use changes 62

3.5 Interpretation of the results and sensitivity analyses . 62

4. THE BIOGAS FUEL CYCLE 68

4.1 Technology description . 68

4.1.1 The biogas fuel cycle . 68

4.1.2 The biogas plant 72

4.1.3 Site description 72

4.2 Overview of burdens related to the biogas fuel cycle 73

4.2.1 Definition and description of system boundaries. 74

4.2.2 Identification of impacts 74

4.3 Selection of priority impacts 75

4.4 Quantification of impacts and damages 76

4.4.1 Impacts of atmospheric emissions 77

4.5 Interpretation of the results and sensitivity analyses . 86

5. THE WIND FUEL CYCLES, OFFSHORE AND ON LAND. 93

5.1 Technology description . 93

5.1.1 The fuel cycle 93

5.1.2 The plants . 94

5.1.3 Site description 95

5.2 Overview of burdens related to the wind fuel cycle 97

5.3 Selection of priority impacts 97

5.4 Quantification of impacts and damages 99

5.4.1 Noise. 99

5.4.2 Visual amenity. 100

5.4.3 Impacts of atmospheric emissions 100

5.4.4 Accidents 104

5.4.5 Impacts on birds and shells 106

5.4.6 Impacts on fish 106

5.4.7 Interference with electromagnetic communication systems. 107

5.5 Interpretation of the results and sensitivity analyses . 107

6. AGGREGATION. 113

6.1 Comparison of results between fuel cycles. 113

6.2 Quantified description of the Danish electricity sector 115

6.3 Aggregation methods 117

6.3.1 Regional damages 118

6.3.2 Local damages. 118

6.3.3 Global damages. 119

6.4 Results 119

6.4.1 Wind power 120

6.4.2 Natural gas 121

6.4.3 Coal cycle . 122

6.4.4 Biogas. 123

6.4.5 Summary of aggregation results. 124

7. CONCLUSIONS 125

8. REFERENCES. 127