| | EXTERNE NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION: SPAIN |
| | 1,18 | | MB |
| | 173 | | stron |
| | 4222 | | ID | European Commission Directorate-General for Research |
| | 1998 | | rok |
| | CONTENTS |
| | 0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.1 |
| | 0.1 INTRODUCTION1 |
| | 0.1.1 Background and objectives1 |
| | 0.1.2 The Spanish National Implementation.2 |
| | 0.2 METHODOLOGY.3 |
| | 0.3 OVERVIEW OF THE FUEL CYCLES ASSESSED4 |
| | 0.3.1 Coal fuel cycle 4 |
| | 0.3.2 Natural gas fuel cycle 5 |
| | 0.3.3 Biomass/lignites fuel cycle .5 |
| | 0.3.4 Wind fuel cycle6 |
| | 0.3.5 Waste incineration .6 |
| | 0.4 AGGREGATION 7 |
| | 0.5 POLICY CASE STUDY8 |
| | 0.6 CONCLUSIONS .9 |
| | 1. INTRODUCTION.11 |
| | 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT11 |
| | 1.2 PUBLICATIONS FROM THE PROJECT.12 |
| | 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT 13 |
| | 1.4 THE SPANISH NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION.13 |
| | 1.4.1 Description of the country .13 |
| | 1.4.2 Overview of the Spanish energy sector 15 |
| | 1.4.3 Justification of the selection of fuel cycles.17 |
| | 1.4.4 Related national studies.19 |
| | 2. METHODOLOGY21 |
| | 2.1 APPROACHES USED FOR EXTERNALITY ANALYSIS .21 |
| | 2.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNE METHODOLOGY23 |
| | 2.3 DEFINING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE ANALYSIS 24 |
| | 2.3.1 Stages of the fuel chain 25 |
| | 2.3.2 Location of fuel chain activities.25 |
| | 2.3.3 Identification of fuel chain technologies26 |
| | 2.3.4 Identification of fuel chain burdens .27 |
| | 2.3.5 Identification of impacts 27 |
| | 2.3.6 Valuation criteria28 |
| | 2.3.7 Spatial limits of the impact analysis 28 |
| | 2.3.8 Temporal limits of the impact analysis 29 |
| | 2.4 ANALYSIS OF IMPACT PATHWAYS 29 |
| | 2.4.1 Prioritisation of impacts 30 |
| | 2.4.2 Description of priority impact pathways .31 |
| | 2.4.3 Quantification of burdens 34 |
| | 2.4.4 Description of the receiving environment35 |
| | 2.4.5 Quantification of impacts.36 |
| | 2.4.6 Economic valuation .38 |
| | 2.4.7 Assessment of uncertainty 38 |
| | 2.5 PRIORITY IMPACTS ASSESSED IN THE EXTERNE PROJECT39 |
| | 2.5.1 Fossil technologies 39 |
| | 2.5.2 Nuclear technologies .40 |
| | 2.5.3 Renewable technologies.40 |
| | 2.5.4 Related issues41 |
| | 2.6 SUMMARY.41 |
| | 3. COAL FUEL CYCLE.43 |
| | 3.1 DEFINITION OF THE COAL FUEL CYCLE, TECHNOLOGY AND SITE .43 |
| | 3.1.1 Technology description43 |
| | 3.1.2 Site description 49 |
| | 3.2 OVERVIEW OF BURDENS57 |
| | 3.2.1 Atmospheric emissions.57 |
| | 3.2.2 Liquid effluents 57 |
| | 3.2.3 Solid wastes 57 |
| | 3.2.4 Occupational accidents58 |
| | 3.3 SELECTION OF PRIORITY IMPACTS.58 |
| | 3.4 QUANTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND DAMAGES 59 |
| | 3.4.1 Coal extraction 59 |
| | 3.4.2 Coal transport.60 |
| | 3.4.3 Limestone production 60 |
| | 3.4.4 Limestone transport .61 |
| | 3.4.5 Power generation61 |
| | 3.4.6 Waste disposal .62 |
| | 3.5 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .63 |
| | 4. NATURAL GAS FUEL CYCLE.65 |
| | 4.1 DEFINITION OF THE NATURAL GAS FUEL CYCLE, TECHNOLOGY AND SITE65 |
| | 4.1.1 Technology description65 |
| | 4.1.2 Site description 69 |
| | 4.2 OVERVIEW OF BURDENS69 |
| | 4.2.1 Atmospheric emissions.69 |
| | 4.2.2 Solid wastes 70 |
| | 4.3 SELECTION OF PRIORITY IMPACTS.70 |
| | 4.4 QUANTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND DAMAGES 71 |
| | 4.4.1 Extraction .71 |
| | 4.4.2 Transport 71 |
| | 4.4.3 Power generation72 |
| | 4.5 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .73 |
| | 5. BIOMASS/LIGNITES FUEL CYCLE.75 |
| | 5.1 DEFINITION OF THE BIOMASS/LIGNITES FUEL CYCLE, TECHNOLOGY AND SITE.75 |
| | 5.1.1 Technology description75 |
| | 5.1.2 Site description 82 |
| | 5.2 OVERVIEW OF BURDENS90 |
| | 5.2.1 Atmospheric emissions.90 |
| | 5.2.2 Liquid effluents 90 |
| | 5.2.3 Solid wastes 91 |
| | 5.2.4 Occupational accidents91 |
| | 5.3 SELECTION OF PRIORITY IMPACTS.91 |
| | 5.4 QUANTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND DAMAGES 92 |
| | 5.4.1 Lignite extraction92 |
| | 5.4.2 Fuel transport .93 |
| | 5.4.3 Limestone extraction and transport .94 |
| | 5.4.4 Power generation94 |
| | 5.5 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .96 |
| | 6. WIND FUEL CYCLE.99 |
| | 6.1 DEFINITION OF THE WIND FUEL CYCLE, TECHNOLOGY AND SITE .99 |
| | 6.1.1 Technology description99 |
| | 6.1.2 Site description 101 |
| | 6.2 OVERVIEW OF BURDENS102 |
| | 6.3 SELECTION OF PRIORITY IMPACTS.103 |
| | 6.4 QUANTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND DAMAGES 104 |
| | 6.4.1 Turbine construction.104 |
| | 6.4.2 Turbine operation 104 |
| | 6.5 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .106 |
| | 7. WASTE INCINERATION.109 |
| | 7.1 DEFINITION OF THE WASTE INCINERATION CYCLE, TECHNOLOGY AND SITE 109 |
| | 7.1.1 Technology description109 |
| | 7.1.2 Site description 114 |
| | 7.2 OVERVIEW OF BURDENS123 |
| | 7.2.1 Atmospheric emissions.123 |
| | 7.3 SELECTION OF PRIORITY IMPACTS.124 |
| | 7.4 QUANTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND DAMAGES 125 |
| | 7.4.1 MSW transport .125 |
| | 7.4.2 Waste treatment .125 |
| | 7.4.3 Ash transport .126 |
| | 7.4.4 Impacts and damages related to waste treatment 127 |
| | 7.5 SUMMARY AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS .128 |
| | 8. AGGREGATION131 |
| | 8.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE NATIONAL ELECTRICITY SECTOR .131 |
| | 8.2 AGGREGATION METHODS .132 |
| | 8.3 RESULTS133 |
| | 9. POLICY CASE STUDY139 |
| | 9.1 INTRODUCTION139 |
| | 9.2 POLICY CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION .140 |
| | 9.3 MODEL DESCRIPTION.140 |
| | 9.3.1 System Description 142 |
| | 9.3.2 Emissions modelling 142 |
| | 9.3.3 Model Formulation 143 |
| | 9.3.4 Implementation 146 |
| | 9.4 CASE STUDY: SPANISH POWER SYSTEM.147 |
| | 9.5 EXTERNALITIES OF THE SPANISH ELECTRICAL SYSTEM148 |
| | 9.5.1 Fossil fuels power units .148 |
| | 9.5.2 Nuclear units.154 |
| | 9.5.3 Hydro units .155 |
| | 9.5.4 Other units 155 |
| | 9.6 ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATION OF THE SPANISH POWER SYSTEM155 |
| | 9.7 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 157 |
| | 10. CONCLUSIONS .163 |
| | 11. REFERENCES165 |