| | ULTRAVIOLET AND ELECTRON BEAM (UV/EB) CURED COATINGS, |
| | 0,72 | | MB | INKS AND ADHESIVES |
| | 99 | | stron |
| | 4271 | | ID | UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY |
| | 2001 | | rok |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| | DISCLAIMER . ii |
| | FORWARD iii |
| | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv |
| | TABLE OF CONTENTS . v |
| | FIGURES . viii |
| | TABLES ix |
| | ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT . x |
| | INTRODUCTION 1 |
| | BACKGROUND . 2 |
| | PART I: THE BASICS . 3 |
| | WHAT ARE UV/EB-CURED MATERIALS? 3 |
| | Review of Conventional Coatings, Inks and Adhesives . 4 |
| | UV/EB-Cured vs. Conventional Coatings, Inks and Adhesives 5 |
| | WHERE ARE UV/EB-CURED MATERIALS USED? 6 |
| | DO UV/EB FORMULATIONS USE CONVENTIONAL RESINS? 9 |
| | HOW ARE UV/EB MATERIALS CURED? . 10 |
| | DO UV/EB-CURED MATERIALS NEED SPECIAL EQUIPMENT? . 12 |
| | Curing Units 12 |
| | Printing and Roller Coating . 13 |
| | Spray Painting . 13 |
| | Other Application Techniques . 14 |
| | PART II: THE DETAILS . 15 |
| | UV/EB RADIANT ENERGY 15 |
| | HOW IS UV/EB RADIANT ENERGY GENERATED? . 15 |
| | UV Sources 15 |
| | EB Sources . 20 |
| | WHAT IS UV/EB IONIZING RADIATION? . 22 |
| | HOW DEEPLY DOES IONIZING RADIATION PENETRATE? . 24 |
| | UV Ionizing Radiation 24 |
| | EB Ionizing Radiation 24 |
| | UV/EB-CURING 26 |
| | HOW DO UV/EB COATINGS, INKS AND ADHESIVES FORM? 26 |
| | Free Radical Polymerization . 27 |
| | Cationic Polymerization 28 |
| | Crosslinking 28 |
| | HOW DO PHOTOINITIATORS WORK? . 29 |
| | DOES PRODUCTION RATE DEPEND ON COATING THICKNESS? . 29 |
| | WHY HAS THERE BEEN GROWTH IN 3D CAPABILITIES? 30 |
| | HOW IS EXTENT OF CURING MEASURED? 31 |
| | IS THERE ANYTHING ELSE THAT AFFECTS CURING? 33 |
| | PART III: EMISSIONS, HEALTH AND SAFETY . 34 |
| | WHAT AIR POLLUTANTS ARE EMITTED FROM UV/EB-CURED MATERIALS? . 34 |
| | VOC Emissions 34 |
| | Fine Particulate Emissions 35 |
| | HAP Emissions 35 |
| | Odorous Emissions . 36 |
| | Ozone and N02 Emissions 36 |
| | HOW ARE EMISSIONS FROM UV/EB-CURED MATERIALS MEASURED? . 36 |
| | WHAT ABOUT WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY? 37 |
| | What Health and Safety Concerns Does UV/EB Radiant Energy Present? . 37 |
| | How Can Workers Be Protected Against UV/EB Ionizing Radiation? 38 |
| | What Health and Safety Concerns Do Hazardous Components In UV/EB-Cured Materials Present? |
| | 39 |
| | What About Worker Hygiene? . 43 |
| | COST CONSIDERATIONS . 46 |
| | ARE UV/EB-CURED MATERIALS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN CONVENTIONAL COATINGS, INKS |
| | AND ADHESIVES? . 46 |
| | SUMMARY . 49 |
| | WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF USING UV/EB-CURED COATINGS, INKS AND ADHESIVES? |
| | 49 |
| | WHAT ARE THE DISADVANTAGES OF USING UV/EB-CURED COATINGS, INKS AND |
| | ADHESIVES? 50 |
| | CONCLUSIONS . 50 |
| | REFERENCES . 51 |
| | GLOSSARY OF TERMS 55 |
| | APPENDIX A: ULTRAVIOLET AND ELECTRON BEAM RADIATION VS. RADIOACTIVITY A-1 |
| | APPENDIX B: EXAMPLES OF UV/EB COATING AND INK USE . B-1 |
| | APPENDIX C: EPA METHOD 24: DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE MATTER CONTENT, WATER |
| | CONTENT, DENSITY, VOLUME SOLIDS, AND WEIGHT SOLIDS OF SURFACE COATINGS . C-1 |
| | |
| | APPENDIX D: DEFINITION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) D-1 |
| | APPENDIX E: HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (HAP) . E-1 |