THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ISO 14001 IN THE UNITED STATES

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Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management

1999

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Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

ACRONYMS ix

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. BACKGROUND 5

2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 5

2.2 THE ISO 14000 SERIES 10

2.3 WORLDWIDE PERSPECTIVES ON ISO 14001 19

3. BUSINESS CASE STUDY 29

4. RESEARCH APPROACH 33

5. RESEARCH RESULTS & ANALYSIS 41

5.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS 41

5.2 STAKEHOLDER IMPLICATIONS 52

5.3 ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS 79

5.4 LEGAL IMPLICATIONS 82

6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 87

6.1 EVALUATION OF RESULTS 87

6.2 VALIDITY OF THE PRIMARY RESEARCH RESULTS 91

6.3 EVALUATION OF THE ISO 14001 STANDARD 93

7. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 99

7.1 EFFECTIVENESS OF ISO 14001 STANDARD 99

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 103

7.3 MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR ISO 14001 105

7.4 FUTURE RESEARCH 122

REFERENCES 125

APPENDICES 131

A1 - BUSINESS CASE STUDY REPORT 133

A2 - CORPORATE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE & DATA 145

A3 – NGO SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE & DATA 185

A4 – RELATED PROJECTS & ISO 14000 WEBSITES 191