| | Nanoparticles: A Closer Look at the Risks to Human Health and |
| | 1,28 | | MB | the Environment |
| | 105 | | stron |
| | 4283 | | ID | International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics |
| | 2005 | | rok |
| | Table of Contents |
| | List of Figures |
| | List of Tables |
| | 1 INTRODUCTION5 |
| | 1.1 BACKGROUND5 |
| | 1.2 OBJECTIVES.7 |
| | 1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS7 |
| | 1.4 METHODOLOGY.7 |
| | 1.5 OUTLINE.9 |
| | 2 NANOPARTICLES10 |
| | 2.1 PROMISING APPLICATION FIELDS.11 |
| | 2.2 THE NOMENCLATURE ‘NANOPARTICLES’12 |
| | 3 HAZARDS AND RISKS OF NANOPARTICLES TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE |
| | ENVIRONMENT.14 |
| | 3.1 DEFINING HAZARD AND RISK14 |
| | 3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW.15 |
| | 3.2.1 Inhalation of nanoparticles.15 |
| | 3.2.2 Absorption through the skin16 |
| | 3.2.3 Absorption through the intestinal tract16 |
| | 3.2.4 The translocation of nanoparticles in the body16 |
| | 3.2.5 Novel properties, different toxicity.17 |
| | 3.2.6 Chemical composition and coating.18 |
| | 3.2.7 Environment.18 |
| | 3.2.8 Summary of the literature review.19 |
| | 3.3 INTERVIEW RESULTS OF ACADEMIA AND NGOS.20 |
| | 3.3.1 About the hazards20 |
| | 3.3.2 About the potential risks.23 |
| | 3.3.3 Reducing the hazard of nanomaterials.24 |
| | 3.3.4 Is it possible to generalise about nanoparticles risks?24 |
| | 3.3.5 The most potent risks from nanoparticles.26 |
| | 3.3.6 Precautionary measures26 |
| | 3.3.6.1 Precautionary measures in the handling and production of nanomaterials 27 |
| | 3.3.6.2 Precautionary role of producers.27 |
| | 3.3.6.3 Precautionary role of authorities.28 |
| | 3.3.7 Nanoparticle applications29 |
| | 3.3.8 Further research30 |
| | 3.4 MAIN FINDINGS31 |
| | 4 PERCEPTIONS AND PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES OF PRODUCERS OF |
| | NANOPARTICLES34 |
| | 4.1 RISKS AND HAZARDS TO HEALTH OR ENVIRONMENT FROM NANOPARTICLES35 |
| | 4.2 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES36 |
| | 4.3 RISK AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH38 |
| | 4.4 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH REGULATION OF NANOPARTICLES39 |
| | 4.5 MAIN FINDINGS40 |
| | 5 PERCEPTIONS OF REGULATORY BODIES42 |
| | 5.1 EUROPEAN COMMISSION42 |
| | 5.1.1 How the EC works with the risk of nanoparticles.42 |
| | 5.1.2 Research on applications versus research on nano-toxicity.43 |
| | 5.1.3 Precautionary measures.43 |
| | 5.1.4 Regulations.44 |
| | 5.2 OCCUPATION HEALTH AUTHORITIES IN SWITZERLAND, GERMANY AND THE UK44 |
| | 5.2.1 About the hazards and risks in occupation health.45 |
| | 5.2.2 The severity of the risks in occupation health.46 |
| | 5.2.3 The different types of nanoparticles and the concern47 |
| | 5.2.4 Precautionary measures.48 |
| | 5.2.5 Applications.49 |
| | 5.2.6 Future regulations.50 |
| | 5.2.7 Awareness of other risks.51 |
| | 5.3 MAIN FINDINGS.52 |
| | 6 DISCUSSION.54 |
| | 6.1 CATEGORIES OF NANOPARTICLES.54 |
| | 6.2 FUTURE EXPOSURE LEVELS55 |
| | 6.3 THE UNCERTAINTIES, HAZARDS AND RISKS OF NANOPARTICLES.56 |
| | 6.3.1 Public Health.57 |
| | 6.3.2 Occupational Health.59 |
| | 6.3.3 Environment61 |
| | 6.4 PRODUCERS63 |
| | 6.5 AUTHORITIES.64 |
| | 6.6 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES68 |
| | 6.7 THE PUBLIC DEBATE.69 |
| | 6.7.1 The biotechnology debate69 |
| | 6.7.2 The nanotechnology debate.70 |
| | 6.7.3 Learning from the biotechnology debate.71 |
| | 7 CONCLUSIONS75 |
| | 7.1 KNOWLEDGE BASE, PERCEPTIONS AND PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES.75 |
| | 7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS, FURTHER RESEARCH AND FOCAL POINTS78 |
| | 7.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS.82 |
| | BIBLIOGRAPHY.83 |
| | ABBREVIATIONS.88 |
| | APPENDIX I: LIST OF INTERVIEWEES89 |
| | APPENDIX II: QUESTIONS TO NANOPARTICLE EXPERTS90 |
| | APPENDIX III: QUESTIONS TO PRODUCERS.91 |
| | APPENDIX IV: QUESTIONS TO OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AUTHORITIES.94 |
| | APPENDIX V: INTERVIEW WITH EC REPRESENTATIVE.95 |