Global Dialogue on Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities

2,93

MB

and Risks: nanotechnology, water & development

44

stron

4335

ID

Yale University

2006

rok

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . .3

INTRODUCTION . .7

1. WATER AND DEVELOPMENT . .8

1.1. Global and Regional Status of Water Supply .8

1.2. Population Projections and Resource Potential . .10

1.2.1. Costs of Conventional Water Supply .10

1.3. Poverty and Water .11

1.3.1. Sustainable Livelihoods and Water . .12

1.4. Water and Sustainable Development . .12

1.4.1. Basic Concepts of Sustainable Development .12

1.4.2. Circular Interaction .13

1.4.3. Economic, Social, and Environmental Issues Arising from Inadequate Water Resources .13

2. CASE STUDY OF A SIMPLE WATER FILTRATION METHOD FOR CHOLERA PREVENTION IN

BANGLADESH .15

2.1. Background and Issues . .15

2.2. Field Trial of Simple Sari Filtration Method . .16

2.3. Results .17

2.4. Simple Sustainable Development Assessment of Water Purification Methods . .17

2.5. Potential for Nanotechnology-Based Purification . .18

3. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND WATER .19

3.1. Water Pollution and Nanofiltration . .19

3.2. Examples of Nanofiltration for Water Purification and Detoxification .21

3.2.1. Nanofiltration Membranes . .21

3.2.2. Attapulgite Clays, Nanoporous Zeolites, and Nanoporous Polymers .22

3.2.3. Desalination .22

3.2.4. Suitability of the Nanomembrane Technologies for Developing Countries . .23

3.3. Other Approaches Using Nanotechnologies to Clean Water . .23

3.3.1. Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Degradation of Water Pollutants . .24

3.3.2. Magnetic Nanoparticles for Water Treatment and Remediation .25

3.3.3. Nanosensors for the Detection of Contaminants and Pathogens . .26

3.4. Human Health and Environmental Risks .27

3.4.1. Human Health Effects of Nanoscale Materials . .28

3.4.2. Environmental Effects of Nanoscale Materials . .29

3.4.3. Risk Research and Governance . .30

3.4.4. Interventions to Assist Developing Countries in Assessing and Managing Risk .33

3.5. Socioeonomic Issues . .33

3.5.1. Awareness . .33

3.5.2. Technology Transfer and Capacity Building .34

3.5.3. Community Ownership and Sustainability .34

4. CASE STUDY OF A NANOFILTRATION METHOD IN SOUTH AFRICA . .35

4.1. Problem Statement .35

4.2. Selection of Study Area .35

4.3. Interventions . .35

4.4. Water Quality .36

4.5. Nanofiltration Membrane Technology . .36

4.5.1. Methodology . .36

4.6. Consumer and Socioeconomic Aspects . .38

4.7. Results .38

4.8. Going Forward .38

5. CONCLUSION . .39

Annex 1: Sustainable Water Resources Management and Planning . .41

Annex 2:Analysis Results for Groundwater Samples . .43