REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY

0,97

MB

OBLIGATION SUPPORT MECHANISMS

71

stron

4400

ID

Lund University

2005

rok

CONTENTS

Summary 6

1 Background 9

2 Overview of renewable energy policy support instruments 10

2.1 Main policy support instruments 10

2.1.1 The quota obligation scheme 10

2.1.2 The feed-in tariff scheme 11

2.1.3 The tendering scheme 11

2.2 Other accompanying measures 12

2.3 Cost effectiveness of obligation system compared to feed-in tariff 12

3 Current applications of obligation schemes 16

3.1 Overview of applications 16

3.2 Key elements of existing obligation systems 19

3.3 Criteria for evaluating the performance of obligation schemes 23

4 Experience in the UK 24

4.1 Introduction 24

4.2 Evaluation of the performance of the obligation scheme 26

4.2.1 Effectiveness 26

4.2.2 Market efficiency 28

4.2.3 Certainty for the renewable energy industry 29

4.2.4 Cost effectiveness 30

4.2.5 Stakeholder support for the system 30

4.2.6 Equity 31

4.2.7 Other key issues 31

4.3 Conclusions and lessons learnt 32

5 Experience in Sweden 34

5.1 Introduction 34

5.2 Evaluation of the performance of the obligation scheme 34

5.2.1 Effectiveness 35

5.2.2 Market efficiency 36

5.2.3 Certainty for the renewable energy industry 37

5.2.4 Cost effectiveness 38

5.2.5 Stakeholder support for the system 39

5.2.6 Equity 40

5.3 Other key issues 41

5.4 Conclusions and lessons learnt 43

6 Experience in the U.S.A 45

6.1 Introduction 45

6.2 Evaluation of the performance of the obligation scheme 45

6.2.1 Effectiveness 45

6.2.2 Market efficiency 47

6.2.3 Certainty for the renewable energy industry 48

6.2.4 Cost effectiveness 49

6.2.5 Stakeholder support for the system 50

6.3 Equity 50

6.4 Conclusions and lessons learnt 51 ECN-C--05-025 3

7 Conclusions 53

7.1 Main results and conclusions for each criterion 53

7.1.1 Effectiveness 53

7.1.2 Market efficiency 54

7.1.3 Certainty for the renewable energy industry 55

7.1.4 Cost effectiveness 56

7.1.5 Stakeholder support for the obligation system 57

7.1.6 Equity 58

7.2 Recommendations on the design of a quota obligation 59

7.3 Feasibility of introducing a quota obligation system in the Netherlands 60

7.4 Finally: convergence of different support schemes? 61

References 62

Summary in Dutch 64

S.1 Wat is een verplichtingssysteem? 64

S.2 Ervaringen met verplichtingssystemen 65

S.3 Conclusies van de evaluatie 66

S.3.1 Effectiviteit: zorgt het systeem voor een groei in de elektriciteit opgewekt met hernieuwbare

bronnen? 66

S.3.2 Werkt de groencertificatenmarkt efficiënt? 66

S.3.3 Biedt een verplicht aandeel voldoende zekerheid voor producenten? 67

S.3.4 Is een verplicht aandeel kosten effectief? 67

S.3.5. Steun van marktpartijen voor het verplichtingssysteem 69

S.3.6 Eerlijke verdeling van kosten en baten over de belangengroepen 69

S.4 Hoe ziet een goed ontworpen verplichtingssysteem eruit? 69

S.5 Is een verplichtingssysteem geschikt voor Nederland? 70

S.6 Tenslotte: systemen kunnen convergeren 71 4 ECN-C--05-025