Transport, bioavailability and effects of Ky-5 and CCA wood

0,81

MB

preservative components in aquatic environments

52

stron

4425

ID

University of Joensuu

2004

rok

CONTENTS

LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS.6

1 INTRODUCTION7

1.1 KY-5 AND CCA 8

1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY 9

2 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF CHEMICALS.10

2.1 THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM AND PARTITIONING 10

2.2 EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING APPROACH (EQP) .10

2.3 FACTORS AFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY 11

2.3.1 Chlorinated phenols.12

2.3.2 PCDD/Fs and PCDEs .12

2.3.3 CCA components13

2.4 FACTORS AFFECTING BIOACCUMULATION AND THE EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS .13

2.5 ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINANT BIOAVAILABILITY AND TOXICITY IN SEDIMENT.14

2.5.1 The oligochaete L. variegatus14

2.5.2 The midge C. riparius.15

2.5.3 Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) 15

2.5.4 Bacterial toxicity tests16

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS16

3.1 STUDY AREAS16

3.1.1 Sediment samples.17

3.1.2 Chemical analyses .18

3.1.3 Characteristics of sediments and contaminants: factors affecting bioavailability18

3.2 BIOACCUMULATION TESTS 18

3.2.1 Bioaccumulation test with L. variegatus as test organism.18

3.2.2 Bioaccumulation in the field 18

3.2.3 SPMDs in sequestering contaminants .19

3.3 TOXICITY TESTS 19

3.3.1 10-d growth test with C. riparius .19

3.3.2 Flash test20

3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSES20

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .20

4.1 PROPERTIES AND TRANSPORT OF THE WOOD PRESERVATIVES .20

4.1.1 Chlorinated phenolics20

4.1.2 PCDD/Fs and PCDEs .22

4.1.3 CCA components23

4.2 BIOACCUMULATION POTENTIAL OF SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED WOOD PRESERVATIVES.25

4.2.1 Ky-5 components25

4.2.2 CCA components28

4.3 SPMDS AS PREDICTORS OF SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF

KY-5

COMPONENTS 29

4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS.31

4.4.1 Adverse effects on benthic invertebrates .31

4.4.2 Trophic transfer .33

5 CONCLUDING REMARKS35

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 37

7 REFERENCES.38