The Coastal Resource Coordinator’s BIOASSESSMENT MANUAL

3,25

MB

205

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4436

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E.V.S. Consultants, Inc.

2003

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURESvi

PREFACEix

CHAPTER 1 BIOASSESSMENT: AN OVERVIEW1-1

CHAPTER 2 THE ROLE OF BIOASSESSMENT IN THE REMEDIAL PROCESS

INTRODUCTION2-1

PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT2-1

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION2-2

FEASIBILITY STUDY: BIOASSESSMENT AS A TOOL TO ESTABLISH SITE CLEANUP TARGET

LEVELS2-4

REMEDIAL DESIGN/REMEDIAL ACTION: BIOASSESSMENT AS A TOOL TO EVALUATE THE

SUCCESS OF REMEDIAL ACTIONS.2-6

REFERENCES2-7

CHAPTER 3 TOXICITY TESTS

INTRODUCTION3-1

Objectives of Toxicity Testing3-1

Advantages of Toxicity Testing.3-2

Disadvantages of Toxicity Testing3-3

TEST SELECTION3-4

Testing Water, Soil, or Sediment3-5

Selecting a Test Organism 3-7

Acute or Chronic Testing3-9

Endpoints3-9

Sediment Test Conditions: Static or Flow-Through.3-10

Cost Effectiveness3-10

SAMPLING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.3-11

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS3-12

Comparison with Control Samples.3-12

EC50s and LC50s.3-13

Other Factors Influencing Toxicity Tests3-13

Determining the Cause of Toxicity3-14

SUMMARY3-16

REFERENCES3-16

CHAPTER 4 BIOACCUMULATION

INTRODUCTION .4-1

Advantages of Bioaccumulation Studies4-2

Disadvantages of Bioaccumulation Studies.4-2

TEST ORGANISMS.4-4

Type of Organism4-4

Test Organism Selection4-7

SUMMARY4-9

REFERENCES4-9

CHAPTER 5 BIOMARKERS

INTRODUCTION5-1

Objectives and Purpose.5-4

Advantages of Biomarkers.5-4

Disadvantages of Biomarkers.5-5

SELECTING A TEST.5-6

TYPES OF BIOMARKERS.5-7

Enzyme and Protein Systems.5-7

Detoxification Enzymes5-7

Binding Proteins.5-9

Contaminant Metabolites in Bile.5-11

Genetic Disorders.5-11

Immune System Responses5-12

Histopathology.5-13

Pathology.5-14

Growth.5-16

Reproduction5-16

DATA INTERPRETATION.5-18

SUMMARY.5-18

REFERENCES5-19

CHAPTER 6 BENTHIC COMMUNITY STUDIES

INTRODUCTION6-1

STUDY OBJECTIVES.6-2

SAMPLING METHODS.6-3

Quantitative vs non-quantitative sampling.6-3

Sampling Devices.6-5

DATA ANALYSIS.6-10

Ecological Analysis6-11

Statistical approaches6-13

EPA’S RAPID BIOASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS.6-13

SUMMARY.6-15

Study Objective6-15

Sampling Methods.6-15

Sampling Devices.6-15

Data Analysis6-16

REFERENCES6-16

CHAPTER 7 STUDY DESIGN AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION7-1

STUDY DESIGN.7-2

Question Formulation.7-2

Reconnaissance Survey.7-5

Station selection7-6

Random versus nonrandom designs7-8

Sample Replication7-9

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.7-11

Hypothesis Formulation and Testing.7-12

Randomization.7-16

Correlation and Regression Analysis7-17

SUMMARY7-17

REFERENCES.7-19 iii July 2003

CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED BIOASSAY PROTOCOLS

INTRODUCTION.8-1

SOIL.8-1

Lettuce Seed (Latuca sativa) Germination Bioassay (Thomas and Cline, 1985).8-1

Earthworm (Eisenia foetida) Lethality Bioassay (Porcella 1983).8-10

WATER COLUMN8-10

Selenastrum capricornutum Algal Lethality Bioassay (Porcella, 1983) 8-10

Water flea Daphnia magna EC50 Bioassay (Porcella, 1983) 8-11

Ceriodaphnia dubia Survival and Reproduction Bioassay (EPA, 1985) 8-11

Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas Larval Survival and Growth Bioassay (EPA, 1985) 8-12

SEDIMENTS8-13

Daphnia magna Lethality and Partial Life Cycle Bioassay (Nebeker et al., 1984).8-13

ASTM Designation: E 1367 - 92. 1996. Standard Guide for Conducting 10-Day Static Sediment

Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods. [Rhepoxynius abronius, Eohaustorius

estuarius, Ampelisca abdita, Grandidierella japonica].8-13

ASTM Designation: E 1706 - 95b (Replaces 1383-90). 1996. Standard Guide for Conducting

Sediment Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Invertebrates. [Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans,

Chironomus riparius]8-17

ASTM Designation: E 1611 - 94. 1996. Standard guide for conducting sediment toxicity tests with

marine and estuarine polychaetous annelids. (Neanthes arenaceodentata, Neanthes virens ).8-20

Protocols From Recommended Guidelines For Conducting Laboratory Bioassays On Puget Sound

Sediments (Puget Sound Estuary Program, 1991)8-21

TEST SELECTION.8-31

REFERENCES8-37

CHAPTER 9 AQUATIC PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

DEFINITION.9-1

TEMPERATURE.9-1

SALINITY.9-2

SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE.9-4

TOTAL SOLIDS/MOISTURE CONTENT9-5

TOTAL VOLATILE SOLIDS AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON.9-6

OIL AND GREASE.9-9

TOTAL SULFIDE.9-10

ACID VOLATILE SULFIDES.9-11

pH .9-12

EH (ELECTRODE POTENTIAL)9-13

SUMMARY9-14

ADDITIONAL READING.9-15

REFERENCES.9-15

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY.A-1

APPENDIX B PROTOCOLSB-1

APPENDIX C TOXICITY TEST SENSITIVITY COMPARISON TABLEC-1